Nature Genetics
36, 1268 - 1274 (2004)
Published online: 7 November 2004; | doi:10.1038/ng1470
Comparison of genome degradation in Paratyphi A and Typhi, human-restricted serovars of Salmonella enterica that cause typhoidMichael McClelland1, Kenneth E Sanderson2, Sandra W Clifton3, Phil Latreille3, Steffen Porwollik1, Aniko Sabo3, Rekha Meyer3, Tamberlyn Bieri3, Phil Ozersky3, Michael McLellan3, C Richard Harkins3, Chunyan Wang3, Christine Nguyen3, Amy Berghoff3, Glendoria Elliott3, Sara Kohlberg3, Cindy Strong3, Feiyu Du3, Jason Carter3, Colin Kremizki3, Dan Layman3, Shawn Leonard3, Hui Sun3, Lucinda Fulton3, William Nash3, Tracie Miner3, Patrick Minx3, Kim Delehaunty3, Catrina Fronick3, Vincent Magrini3, Michael Nhan3, Wesley Warren3, Liliana Florea4, John Spieth3
& Richard K Wilson31
Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, California
92121, USA. 2
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
T2N 1N4, Canada. 3
Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri
63108, USA. 4
Informatics Research, Celera/Applied Biosystems, 45 W. Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland
20850, USA.
Correspondence should be addressed to Michael McClelland mmcclelland@skcc.org
Salmonella enterica serovars often have a broad host range, and some cause both gastrointestinal and systemic disease. But the serovars Paratyphi A and Typhi are restricted to humans and cause only systemic disease. It has been estimated that Typhi arose in the last few thousand years. The sequence and microarray analysis of the Paratyphi A genome indicates that it is similar to the Typhi genome but suggests that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Both genomes have independently accumulated many pseudogenes among their  4,400 protein coding sequences: 173 in Paratyphi A and 210 in Typhi. The recent convergence of these two similar genomes on a similar phenotype is subtly reflected in their genotypes: only 30 genes are degraded in both serovars. Nevertheless, these 30 genes include three known to be important in gastroenteritis, which does not occur in these serovars, and four for Salmonella-translocated effectors, which are normally secreted into host cells to subvert host functions. Loss of function also occurs by mutation in different genes in the same pathway (e.g., in chemotaxis and in the production of fimbriae).
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