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Live dynamic imaging of caveolae pumping targeted antibody rapidly and specifically across endothelium in the lung

Nature Biotechnology volume 25, pages 327–337 (2007)Cite this article

An Erratum to this article was published on 01 April 2007

Abstract

How effectively and quickly endothelial caveolae can transcytose in vivo is unknown, yet critical for understanding their function and potential clinical utility. Here we use quantitative proteomics to identify aminopeptidase P (APP) concentrated in caveolae of lung endothelium. Electron microscopy confirms this and shows that APP antibody targets nanoparticles to caveolae. Dynamic intravital fluorescence microscopy reveals that targeted caveolae operate effectively as pumps, moving antibody within seconds from blood across endothelium into lung tissue, even against a concentration gradient. This active transcytosis requires normal caveolin-1 expression. Whole body γ-scintigraphic imaging shows rapid, specific delivery into lung well beyond that achieved by standard vascular targeting. This caveolar trafficking in vivo may underscore a key physiological mechanism for selective transvascular exchange and may provide an enhanced delivery system for imaging agents, drugs, gene-therapy vectors and nanomedicines. 'In vivo proteomic imaging' as described here integrates organellar proteomics with multiple imaging techniques to identify an accessible target space that includes the transvascular pumping space of the caveola.

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Figure 1: Antibody targets caveolae rich in APP.
Figure 2: Imaging rapid mAPP targeting and uptake in lung tissue using intravital fluorescence microscopy.
Figure 3: High-magnification intravital fluorescence microscopy of solitary lung microvessels.
Figure 4: Digital analysis of fluorescence imaging in lung tissue to assess antibody transport in lung tissue.
Figure 5: Quantifying relative uptake, transport and flux of antibodies in lung tissue.
Figure 6: Dynamic and planar γ-scintigraphic live imaging of rapid lung immunotargeting in vivo.
Figure 7: SPECT/CT imaging of mAPP targeting to lung and its vasculature.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Alexina Wempren, Michelle Bourne, Lisa Pang, Dale Winger and Traci Smith for technical assistance. This research was supported by funds provided in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01 HL52766, R01 HL58216, R01 HL074063, R24CA95893 and PO1CA104898 and by the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, grant number 11RT-0167.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, 92121, California, USA

    Phil Oh, Per Borgström, Halina Witkiewicz, Yan Li, Adrian Chrastina, Richard Baldwin, Jacqueline E Testa & Jan E Schnitzer

  2. EE Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951594, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA

    Bengt J Borgström

  3. Gamma Medica, Inc., 19355 Business Center Drive, Suite #18, Northridge, 91324, California, USA

    Koji Iwata

  4. Departments of Medicine, Radiology & Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1808 Seventh Avenue South, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA

    Kurt R Zinn

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Contributions

P.O., Figures 1a,c, 2, 3, 4, 6, Supplementary Figures 2b,c, 3b–d, 4, 5, subcellular fractionation, immunoblotting, lentiviral gene silencing siRNA, animal surgical procedures, intravital microscopy imaging and analysis, fluorophore and 125I labeling of proteins, A-SPECT and X-SPECT imaging, Supplementary Videos 1,2,3,4,5,6; P.B., Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, intravital microscopy and analysis, Supplementary Videos 1, 2; H.W., Figure 1b,c, all electron microscopy imaging and analysis; Y.L., Supplementary Figures 1 and 2a, mass spectrometry (MS) and analysis of MS data; B.J.B., Figures 4, 5, intravital microscopy image processing, custom MatLab scripting; A.C., Figure 7a–c, X-SPECT imaging, radiolabeling, Supplementary Figure 5; K.I., Figure 6a,b,j,k,m, Supplementary Videos 3,4,5,6; K.R.Z., Figure 7d–f; R.B., Figure 1c, gold particle preparation; J.E.T., Figure 1a, Supplementary Figures 3a,b and 5, monoclonal antibody production, screening and characterization; J.E.S., manuscript, experiment design and result analysis.

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Correspondence to Jan E Schnitzer.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1

MS/MS spectra of peptides and sequence coverage for rat caveolin-1 and APP found concentrated in isolated caveolae. (PDF 1404 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2

Rat APP protein sequence and TX3.833 staining of cells induced to express APP. (PDF 301 kb)

Supplementary Figure 3

Antibody specificity and antigen expression analysis. (PDF 185 kb)

Supplementary Figure 4

Assessment of caveolin-1 knockdown in rat tissue. (PDF 170 kb)

Supplementary Figure 5

Lung targeting indices from in vivo biodistribution analysis of mAPP. (PDF 172 kb)

Supplementary Figure 6

Segmental expression of APP in lung vasculature. (PDF 127 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

Peptides identified by mass spectrometry for rat caveolin-1 and APP. (PDF 22 kb)

Supplementary Video 1

Live imaging by fluorescence intravital microscopy of mAPP lung accumulation, including endothelial targeting and processing. Athymic nude mice with organ tissue implanted in dorsal skin window chambers were injected via the tail vein with mAPP conjugated to fluorophore Alexa A488 (mAPP-A488). (See Experimental Procedures, and low magnification phase imaging of the lung tissue (yellow outline) implanted in surrounding skin. Note the more extensive vasculature in the lung tissue versus the skin. Imaging of fluorescence detected in lung but not skin tissue followed by higher magnification of fluorescence detected at 60 seconds, showing the yellow circled region in Figure 2E. (MOV 7579 kb)

Supplementary Video 2

Continuous dynamic live imaging of solitary blood microvessel by intravital microscopy. Athymic nude mouse with implanted lung tissue was injected via the tail vein with 30μg mIgG-A568 (mIgG-TR, control antibody) followed 1 minute later with 3μg mAPP-A488 (TX3.833-A488, caveolae targeting antibody). Black and white imaging shows phase contrast image of vessel, without other vessels nearby. Fluorescence imaging is shown from injection of mAPP at 1 min after injection of mIgG-A568. (Time stamp 00:00:59 – 00:02:00) Close-up fluorescence imaging after low dose injection mAPP-A488 (green). Note that the 10-fold lower dose of caveolae targeting antibody produces minimal intravessel signal, yet clear, progressively concentrated signal first at the endothelial cell surface and then within the perivascular space inside the tissue. (Time stamp 00:02:01 – 00:02:10) Close up fluorescence imaging of same vessel, 2 min after injection of mIgG-A568 (red), showing ample intravessel signal but no detectable extravasation. (Time stamp 00:02:11 – 00:02:15) Combined red/green fluorescence imaging shows red signal from mIgG-A568 remaining inside vessel, but green mAPP-A488 signal (at 1:11 to 1:15 min after injection) persisting at the vessel wall and accumulating in the perivascular space inside the tissue. (MOV 10552 kb)

Supplementary Video 3

Video imaging of rapid initial phase of lung uptake of 125I-mAPP. Rats were imaged continuously for 1 min immediately after tail vein injection of 125I-mAPP (A) or 125I-mIgG (B) as described in Figure 6A and B. Images were collected at 1 second intervals then placed to run consecutively 6 times faster than real time (1 min compressed to 10 seconds). Note the heart position (arrowhead) which is devoid of radiolabeled mAPP. (MOV 1081 kb)

Supplementary Video 4

SPECT imaging of APP immunotargeting in vivo at 30 minutes. SPECT images of rats injected I.V. (tail vein) with 125I-mAPP were captured 30 minutes post-injection using a parallel plate collimator (top panel) or pinhole collimator (bottom panel). Images were collected every 6° for 30 sec per frame, then placed to run consecutively to make the video. Animal is oriented with head toward the bottom of the frame. (MOV 1083 kb)

Supplementary Video 5

Surface rendering of SPECT imaging of APP immunotargeting in vivo at 30 minutes. SPECT imaging data from the bottom panel of Supplementary Video 4 was used to create a surface rendered image of lungs. SPECT images of rats injected I.V. (tail vein) with 125I-mAPP were captured 30 minutes post-injection using pinhole collimator. Images were collected every 6° for 30 sec per frame, then placed to run consecutively to make the video. (Left panel) Axis of rotation is longitudinal (along the y-axis), rotation occurs in the y-plane as depicted in Supplementary Video 4, and the animal is oriented with the head toward the bottom of the frame. (Right panel) Axis of rotation is horizontal (along the x-axis), and rotation of the image occurs in the z-plane. (MOV 4984 kb)

Supplementary Video 6

SPECT imaging of APP immunotargeting in vivo at 48 hours. SPECT images of rats (same rats shown in Supplementary Video 4 and 5) injected I.V. at the tail vein with 125I-mAPP were captured 48 hours post-injection using a pinhole collimator. Images were collected every 6° for 30 sec per frame, then placed to run consecutively to make the video. Signal from thyroid is visible at the top of the frame. Animal is oriented with head toward the top of the frame. (MOV 406 kb)

Supplementary Data (PDF 16 kb)

Supplementary Methods (PDF 143 kb)

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Oh, P., Borgström, P., Witkiewicz, H. et al. Live dynamic imaging of caveolae pumping targeted antibody rapidly and specifically across endothelium in the lung. Nat Biotechnol 25, 327–337 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1292

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