Abstract
Despite recent advances in crystallography and the availability of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures, little is known about the mechanism of their activation process, as only the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and rhodopsin have been crystallized in fully active conformations. Here we report the structure of an agonist-bound, active state of the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stabilized by a G-protein mimetic camelid antibody fragment isolated by conformational selection using yeast surface display. In addition to the expected changes in the intracellular surface, the structure reveals larger conformational changes in the extracellular region and orthosteric binding site than observed in the active states of the β2AR and rhodopsin. We also report the structure of the M2 receptor simultaneously bound to the orthosteric agonist iperoxo and the positive allosteric modulator LY2119620. This structure reveals that LY2119620 recognizes a largely pre-formed binding site in the extracellular vestibule of the iperoxo-bound receptor, inducing a slight contraction of this outer binding pocket. These structures offer important insights into the activation mechanism and allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptors.
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Accession codes
Accessions
Protein Data Bank
Data deposits
Coordinates and structure factors for the active M2 receptor in complex with Nb9-8 and iperoxo are deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession code 4MQS, and the coordinates and structure factors of the same complex bound additionally to the allosteric modulator LY2119620 are deposited under accession code 4MQT.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (graduate fellowship to A.C.K., and Award 1223785 to B.K.K.), the Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program (A.M. and A.M.R.), the American Heart Association (A.M.), the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (A.M.R.), National Institutes of Health grants NS02847123 and GM08311806 (B.K.K.), the Mathers Foundation (B.K.K., W.I.W. and K.C.G.), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the grant GM 13/10-1 (K.E., H.H., P.G.), the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia program grant 519461 (P.M.S. and A.C.), NHMRC Principal Research Fellowships (P.M.S. and A.C.), and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (K.C.G.). This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services (J.H., K.H. and J.W.). We thank K. Leach for performing ERK assays, and B. Davie and P. Scammells for synthesis of iperoxo. We thank H. Xiao, C. H. Croy and D. A. Schober for functional characterization of LY2119620. We thank T. S. Kobilka for preparation of affinity chromatography reagents and F. S. Thian for help with cell culture.
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A.C.K. expressed and purified M2 receptor for yeast display and crystallographic experiments, performed crystallization, data collection, and structure refinement, and performed radioligand binding assays to validate nanobody activity. A.C.K., A.M.R. and A.M. designed experiments to identify nanobodies by yeast display. A.M.R. performed all yeast selections, and expressed and purified Nb9-8 and other nanobodies. J.H. and K.H. performed site-directed mutagenesis and characterization of resulting mutants. K.E. synthesized FAUC123. H.H. performed cell assays and radioligand binding to characterize FAUC123. C.V. performed pharmacological characterization of LY2119620. P.M.S. and A.C. supervised pharmacological characterization of LY2119620. C.C.F. designed key solubility, physical chemistry and ligand analysis to select LY2119620 as an appropriate co-crystallization candidate for the M2 receptor. P.G. supervised synthesis and characterization of FAUC123. E.P. and J.S. performed llama immunization, cDNA production, and performed selections by phage display. W.I.W. supervised structure refinement. K.C.G. supervised yeast selection experiments. J.W. supervised mutagenesis experiments and analysed results. B.K.K. provided overall project supervision, and with A.C.K., A.M.R. and A.M. wrote the manuscript with assistance from A.C. and J.W.
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A.C.K., A.M.R. and A.M. have applied for a patent on the yeast display and screening methods used to identify the conformationally selective nanobody used to obtain the crystal structure.
Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Figure 1 Characterization of FAUC123.
a, Activation of M2 receptor by the prototypical muscarinic agonist carbachol, the high-affinity agonist iperoxo, and an irreversible iperoxo analogue (FAUC123) shows that iperoxo and FAUC123 are exceptionally potent full agonists at the M2 muscarinic receptor. Points indicate mean ± s.e.m. of three independent measurements, each performed in triplicate. b, Sf9 membranes expressing the human M2 receptor were incubated overnight at 4 °C with either no ligand, 100 μM iperoxo, or 100 μM FAUC123. Membranes were then washed three times in buffer without ligand, and incubated with a saturating concentration (20 nM) of [3H]-NMS. Incubation with iperoxo had no effect on radioligand binding, whereas FAUC123 blocked almost all [3H]-NMS binding sites. Bars indicate mean ± s.e.m. of three independent measurements. c, FAUC123 was tested for its ability to induce M2 receptor activation after covalent modification. Whereas iperoxo-induced inositol phosphate production was blocked by 1 μM atropine, FAUC123-induced activation was not susceptible to atropine blockade. Bars indicate mean ± s.e.m. of three independent measurements.
Extended Data Figure 2 Comparison to other active GPCR structures.
Structures of all activated GPCRs show similarities in conformational changes at the intracellular surface. In each case, the intracellular tip of transmembrane helix 6 (TM6) moves outward on activation, as seen in the view from the intracellular side (right panels). This creates a cavity to which a G protein can bind the receptor.
Extended Data Figure 3 Pharmacology.
a, Functional properties are shown for M2 receptors in which key residues were mutated. Agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels were monitored via FLIPR using transfected COS-7 cells. Because some mutant receptors (N58A, D103E) were expressed at lower levels than the wild-type (WT) receptor, reference curves were obtained using cells transfected with either 3 μg DNA or 1 μg wild-type receptor DNA. The latter cells showed receptor expression levels comparable to those found with the N58A and D103E mutants (see Extended Data Table 2 for details). Data are given as means ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments, each carried out in triplicate. AU, arbitrary units. b, The interaction between LY2119620 and iperoxo was measured by radioligand binding and functional assays. LY2119620 enhances the affinity of iperoxo (top graph) and its signalling potency (bottom graphs), and is also able to activate M2 receptor signalling directly as measured by [35S]GTPγS and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Experiments were carried out with CHO cells stably expressing the human M2 receptor, and points are shown as mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments, each carried out in duplicate.
Extended Data Figure 4 Binding-site diagram.
M2 receptor residues interacting with the orthosteric agonist iperoxo and the positive allosteric modulator LY2119620 are shown. Polar contacts are highlighted as red dotted lines, and hydrophobic contacts are in green solid lines.
Extended Data Figure 5 Electron density.
a, b, Fo − Fc omit maps are shown in grey, contoured at 2.5σ within a 2.5 Å radius of the indicated ligand. c–f, 2Fo − Fc maps are shown in blue, contoured at 1.5σ within a 2.0 Å radius of the indicated region.
Extended Data Figure 6 Comparison of M2 receptor structures with and without LY2119620 bound.
Comparison of the structure of active M2 receptor with and without the allosteric modulator LY2119620 reveals that there are few differences outside the extracellular vestibule. The overall structures are compared in a. Within the extracellular vestibule, there is a slight contraction in the presence of the modulator, and Trp 4227.35 undergoes a change of rotamer (panel b, red arrow). The orthosteric ligand-binding site, c, and intracellular surface, d, show few differences.
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Kruse, A., Ring, A., Manglik, A. et al. Activation and allosteric modulation of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Nature 504, 101–106 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12735
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12735
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