1. Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
2. Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
3. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
4. Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
5. These authors contributed equally to this work

Correspondence to: Steven M. Block^2,3 Email: sblock@stanford.edu

Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) synthesizes RNA with remarkable fidelity in vivo¹. Its low error rate may be achieved by means of a 'proofreading' mechanism comprised of two sequential events. The first event (backtracking) involves a transcriptionally upstream motion of RNAP through several base pairs, which carries the 3' end of the nascent RNA transcript away from the enzyme active site. The second event (endonucleolytic cleavage) occurs after a variable delay and results in the scission and release of the most recently incorporated ribonucleotides, freeing up the active site. Here, by combining ultrastable optical trapping apparatus with a novel two-bead assay to monitor transcriptional elongation with near-base-pair precision, we observed backtracking and recovery by single molecules of RNAP. Backtracking events (5 bp) occurred infrequently at locations throughout the DNA template and were associated with pauses lasting 20 s to >30 min. Inosine triphosphate increased the frequency of backtracking pauses, whereas the accessory proteins GreA and GreB, which stimulate the cleavage of nascent RNA, decreased the duration of such pauses.