1. ¹Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
2. ²Battelle, Columbus, OH, USA
3. ³Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
4. ⁴Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
5. ⁵Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, IL, USA
6. ⁶Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA

Correspondence: Dr DA Kulesh, PhD, LtCol, USAF, BSc, Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA. E-mail: David.Kulesh@amedd.army.mil

Received 6 April 2004; Revised 11 May 2004; Accepted 13 May 2004; Published online 21 June 2004.

Abstract

During the summer of 2003, an outbreak of human monkeypox occurred in the Midwest region of the United States. In all, 52 rodents suspected of being infected with monkeypox virus were collected from an exotic pet dealer and from private homes. The rodents were euthanized and submitted for testing to the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases by the Galesburg Animal Disease Laboratory, Illinois Department of Agriculture. The rodent tissue samples were appropriately processed and then tested by using an integrated approach involving real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, an antigen-detection immunoassay, and virus culture. We designed and extensively tested two specific real-time PCR assays for rapidly detecting monkeypox virus DNA using the Vaccinia virus F3L and N3R genes as targets. The assays were validated against panels of orthopox viral and miscellaneous bacterial DNAs. A pan-orthopox electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay was used to further confirm the presence of Orthopoxvirus infection of the rodents. Seven of 12 (58%) animals (seven of 52 (15%) of all animals) tested positive in both monkeypox-specific PCR assays and two additional pan-orthopox PCR assays (in at least one tissue). The ECL results showed varying degrees of agreement with PCR. One hamster and three gerbils were positive by both PCR and ECL for all tissues tested. In addition, we attempted to verify the presence of monkeypox virus by culture on multiple cell lines, by immunohistology, and by electron microscopy, with negative results. Sequencing the PCR products from the samples indicated 100% identity with monkeypox virus strain Zaire-96-I-16 (a human isolate from the Congo). These real-time PCR and ECL assays represent a significant addition to the battery of tests for the detection of various orthopoxviruses. In light of the recent monkeypox virus transmissions, early detection of the virus is crucial for both natural outbreaks and potential acts of bioterrorism.