1. Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100, USA
2. Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192, USA
3. Department of Geology, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
4. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0, Canada
5. Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
6. Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA

Correspondence to: Gregory M. Erickson^1,2 Email: gerickson@bio.fsu.edu

How evolutionary changes in body size are brought about by variance in developmental timing and/or growth rates (also known as heterochrony) is a topic of considerable interest in evolutionary biology¹. In particular, extreme size change leading to gigantism occurred within the dinosaurs on multiple occasions². Whether this change was brought about by accelerated growth, delayed maturity or a combination of both processes is unknown. A better understanding of relationships between non-avian dinosaur groups and the newfound capacity to reconstruct their growth curves make it possible to address these questions quantitatively³. Here we study growth patterns within the Tyrannosauridae, the best known group of large carnivorous dinosaurs, and determine the developmental means by which Tyrannosaurus rex, weighing 5,000 kg and more, grew to be one of the most enormous terrestrial carnivorous animals ever. T. rex had a maximal growth rate of 2.1 kg d^-1, reached skeletal maturity in two decades and lived for up to 28 years. T. rex's great stature was primarily attained by accelerating growth rates beyond that of its closest relatives.

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