¹Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009 Bergen, Norway

²Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

^aAuthor for correspondence: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.tel: +47 55 58 63 76; fax: +47 55 58 63 60; e-mail: stein.doskeland@pki.uib.no

Edited by G. Melino

Microinjection of cytochrome c induced apoptosis in all the cell types we tested (IPC-81, Swiss 3T3, Clone 8 fibroblasts, NRK, H295, Y1, HEK 293). The apoptotic phenotype induced by injected cytochrome c was characterized by externalization of phosphatidyl serine, cell detachment from substratum and from neighbor cells, and had the classic ultrastructural features of membrane budding, chromatin condensation and cell shrinkage. Depending on the cell type and concentration of cytochrome c, the induction of apoptosis was remarkably rapid. The development of apoptosis was prevented by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk. Four of the cell types (Clone 8, Swiss 3T3, NRK, Y1) were transfected with bcl-2 and these all showed a markedly decreased sensitivity towards injected cytochrome c. Our data suggest that extramitochondrial cytochrome c is a general apoptogen in cells with a functioning caspase system. They also indicate that, in preventing apoptosis, Bcl-2 acts not only at the level of regulation of cytochrome c release from mitochondria, but can also interfere with caspase activation induced by cytochrome c microinjected directly into the cytoplasm.

apoptosis; microinjection; cytochrome c; caspase; Bcl-2