1. ¹Section of Surgery, Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 3ER, UK
2. ²Department of Molecular Pathology, Dako A/S, Glostrup, Denmark

Correspondence: Dr J Edwards, Department of Surgery, University Of Glasgow, Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Level 2, Queen Elizabeth Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK. E-mail: je10b@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

³Current address: LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark

Received 10 July 2008; Revised 27 August 2008; Accepted 27 August 2008.

Abstract

Inactivating PTEN mutations are commonly found in prostate cancer, resulting in an increased activation of Akt. In this study, we investigate the role of PTEN deletion and protein expression in the development of hormone-refractory prostate cancer using matched hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory tumours. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry was carried out to investigate PTEN gene deletion and PTEN protein expression in the transition from hormone-sensitive to hormone-refractory prostate cancer utilising 68 matched hormone sensitive and hormone-refractory tumour pairs (one before and one after hormone relapse). Heterogeneous PTEN gene deletion was observed in 23% of hormone sensitive tumours. This increased significantly to 52% in hormone-refractory tumours (P=0.044). PTEN protein expression was observed in the membrane, cytoplasm and the nucleus. In hormone sensitive tumours, low levels of cytoplasmic PTEN was independently associated with shorter time to relapse compared to high levels of PTEN (P=0.028, hazard ratio 0.51 (95%CI 0.27–0.93). Loss of PTEN expression in the nucleus of hormone sensitive tumours was independently associated with disease-specific survival (P=0.031, hazard ratio 0.52, 95%CI 0.29–0.95). The results from this study demonstrate a role for both cytoplasmic and nuclear PTEN in progression of prostate cancer to the hormone-refractory state.