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Pharmacogenomics study of thiazide diuretics and QT interval in multi-ethnic populations: the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology

The Pharmacogenomics Journal volume 18, pages 215–226 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

Thiazide diuretics, commonly used antihypertensives, may cause QT interval (QT) prolongation, a risk factor for highly fatal and difficult to predict ventricular arrhythmias. We examined whether common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modified the association between thiazide use and QT or its component parts (QRS interval, JT interval) by performing ancestry-specific, trans-ethnic and cross-phenotype genome-wide analyses of European (66%), African American (15%) and Hispanic (19%) populations (N=78 199), leveraging longitudinal data, incorporating corrected standard errors to account for underestimation of interaction estimate variances and evaluating evidence for pathway enrichment. Although no loci achieved genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10−8), we found suggestive evidence (P<5 × 10−6) for SNPs modifying the thiazide-QT association at 22 loci, including ion transport loci (for example, NELL1, KCNQ3). The biologic plausibility of our suggestive results and simulations demonstrating modest power to detect interaction effects at genome-wide significant levels indicate that larger studies and innovative statistical methods are warranted in future efforts evaluating thiazide–SNP interactions.

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Acknowledgements

Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility—Reykjavik Study (AGES): This study has been funded by NIH contracts N01-AG-1-2100 and 271201200022C, the NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, VSN: 00-063. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study.

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC): The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL087641, R01HL59367 and R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute Contract U01HG004402; and National Institutes of Health Contract HHSN268200625226C. We thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant no. UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. AAS was supported by NHLBI Training grants T32HL7055 and T32HL07779.

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS): This CHS research was supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants U01HL080295, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, HL130114, and R01HL085251with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS-NHLBI.org. The provision of genotyping data was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR000124, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. NS was supported by R01HL116747 and RO1HL111089.

Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF): The ERF study, as a part of EUROSPAN (European Special Populations Research Network), was supported by European Commission FP6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme ‘Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources’ of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). The ERF study was further supported by ENGAGE consortium and CMSB. High-throughput analysis of the ERF data was supported by joint grant from Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043). Exome sequencing in ERF was supported by the ZonMw grant (project 91111025). We are grateful to all study participants and their relatives, general practitioners and neurologists for their contributions to the ERF study and to P. Veraart for her help in genealogy, J. Vergeer for the supervision of the laboratory work and P. Snijders for his help in data collection.

Framingham Heart Study (FHS): FHS work was supported by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine (Contract No. N01-HC-25195 and Contract No. HHSN268201500001I), its contract with Affymetrix for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278), based on analyses by FHS investigators participating in the SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project. A portion of this research was conducted using the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II), funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. Measurement of the Gen 3 ECGs was supported by grants from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Newton-Cheh) and the NIH (HL080025, Newton-Cheh).

Health 2000: Supported by the Orion-Farmos Research Foundation (KK and KP), the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research (KK, KP) and the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 129494 and 139635 to VS).

Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC): This research was supported by NIA Contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103 and N01AG62106. The genome-wide association study was funded by NIA Grant 1R01AG032098-01A1 to Wake Forest University Health Sciences and genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). CIDR is fully funded through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University, Contract No. HHSN268200782096C. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging.

Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL): We thank the participants and staff of the HCHS/SOL study for their contributions to this study. The baseline examination of HCHS/SOL was carried out as a collaborative study supported by contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to the University of North Carolina (N01-HC65233), University of Miami (N01-HC65234), Albert Einstein College of Medicine (N01-HC65235), Northwestern University (N01-HC65236), and San Diego State University (N01-HC65237). The following Institutes/Centers/Offices contributed to the first phase of HCHS/SOL through a transfer of funds to the NHLBI: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH Institution-Office of Dietary Supplements. The Genetic Analysis Center at University of Washington was supported by NHLBI and NIDCR contracts (HHSN268201300005C AM03 and MOD03). Genotyping efforts were supported by NHLBI HSN 26220/20054C, NCATS CTSI grant UL1TR000124, and NIDDK Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491.

Jackson Heart Study (JHS): We thank the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants and staff for their contributions to this work. The JHS is supported by contracts HHSN268201300046C, HHSN268201300047C, HSN268201300048C, HHSN268201300049C, HHSN268201300050C from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities.

Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): MESA and MESA SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) are conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support is provided by grants and contracts N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169 and RR-024156. Additional funding was supported in part by the Clinical Translational Science Institute grant UL1RR033176 and is now at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR000124. We also thank the other investigators, the staff and the participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org.

The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO): The authors of the NEO study thank all individuals who participated in the Netherlands Epidemiology in Obesity study, all participating general practitioners for inviting eligible participants and all research nurses for collection of the data. We thank the NEO study group, Pat van Beelen, Petra Noordijk and Ingeborg de Jonge for the coordination, lab and data management of the NEO study. The genotyping in the NEO study was supported by the Centre National de Génotypage (Paris, France), headed by Jean-Francois Deleuze. The NEO study is supported by the participating Departments, the Division and the Board of Directors of the Leiden University Medical Center, and by the Leiden University, Research Profile Area Vascular and Regenerative Medicine. Dennis Mook-Kanamori is supported by Dutch Science Organization (ZonMW-VENI Grant 916.14.023).

Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER): The PROSPER study was supported by an investigator initiated grant obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb. Professor Dr J W Jukema is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (Grant no. 2001 D 032). Support for genotyping was provided by the seventh framework program of the European commission (Grant no. 223004) and by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging Grant 050-060-810).

Rotterdam Study (RS): The RS is supported by the Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University Rotterdam; The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; The Netherlands Heart Foundation; the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; the Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports; the European Commission; and the Municipality of Rotterdam. Support for genotyping was provided by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (175.010.2005.011, 911.03.012) and Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE). This study was supported by The Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Project No. 050-060-810. This collaborative effort was supported by an award from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (R01-HL-103612, PI BMP). CLA was supported in part by Grant R00-HL-098458 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial (WHI CT): The Women’s Health Initiative clinical trials were funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C. All contributors to WHI science are listed at https://www.whi.org/researchers/Documents%20%20Write%20a%20Paper/WHI%20Investigator%20Long%20List.pdf. ELB was supported in part by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (5T32CA009001). WHI GARNET: Within the Genomics and Randomized Trials Network, a GWAS of Hormone Treatment and CVD and Metabolic Outcomes in the WHI was funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through cooperative agreement U01HG005152 (Reiner). All contributors to GARNET science are listed at https://www.garnetstudy.org/Home. WHI MOPMAP: The Modification of PM-Mediated Arrhythmogenesis in Populations was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through grant R01ES017794 (Whitsel). WHI SHARe: The SNP Health Association Resource project was funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contract N02HL64278 (Kooperberg). WHI WHIMS: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS+) Genome-Wide Association Study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contract HHSN268201100046C (Anderson).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    A A Seyerle, H M Highland, J D Stewart, R Méndez-Giráldez, M D Napier, K E North, T Stürmer, E A Whitsel & C L Avery

  2. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    A A Seyerle

  3. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    C M Sitlani, J C Bis, J A Brody, J S Floyd, T Sofer, K L Wiggins & B M Psaty

  4. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    R Noordam, A Isaacs, A Hofman, C van Duijn & B H Stricker

  5. Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    R Noordam & S Trompet

  6. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    S M Gogarten, A M Stilp, K F Kerr, K M Rice & C C Laurie

  7. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    J Li

  8. Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

    X Li, H J Lin, K D Taylor, Y-DI Chen & J I Rotter

  9. California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA

    D S Evans & S R Cummings

  10. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    F Sun, G M Peloso & L A Cupples

  11. Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    M A Laaksonen, K Kristiansson & V Salomaa

  12. and Department of Biochemistry, CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    A Isaacs

  13. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    J D Stewart & C L Avery

  14. Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA

    T B Harris & L J Launer

  15. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    S Trompet & J W Jukema

  16. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    L Broer & A G Uitterlinden

  17. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    E L Busch

  18. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    E L Busch

  19. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Q Duan, Y Li, K Wilhelmsen & L A Lange

  20. Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    C J O'Donnell

  21. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA

    C J O'Donnell, L A Cupples & R S Vasan

  22. Cardiology Section, Boston Veterans Administration Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA

    C J O'Donnell

  23. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    P W Macfarlane & C Newton-Cheh

  24. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    J S Floyd, S R Heckbert, A P Reiner, N Sotoodehnia & B M Psaty

  25. Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    J A Kors

  26. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

    H J Lin

  27. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    R Li-Gao, R de Mutsert, F R Rosendaal & D O Mook-Kanamori

  28. Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    I Ford

  29. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Y Li

  30. Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Y Li

  31. Division of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    K Porthan

  32. Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    C Newton-Cheh

  33. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    C Newton-Cheh

  34. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    C Newton-Cheh

  35. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

    A P Reiner

  36. Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    J Roach

  37. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    B M Buckley

  38. Epidemiology Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    E Z Soliman

  39. Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    N Sotoodehnia

  40. Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    N Sotoodehnia

  41. Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    C R Lee

  42. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland

    V Gudnason & A V Smith

  43. Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    V Gudnason & A V Smith

  44. Center for Pharmacoepidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    T Stürmer

  45. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

    J G Wilson

  46. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    R C Kaplan

  47. The Renaissance Computing Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    K Wilhelmsen

  48. Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    J W Jukema

  49. Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    J W Jukema

  50. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Y Liu

  51. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    D O Mook-Kanamori

  52. Department of BESC, Epidemiology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    D O Mook-Kanamori

  53. Division of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    R S Vasan

  54. Inspectorate of Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    B H Stricker

  55. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    E A Whitsel

  56. Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    B M Psaty

  57. Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA

    B M Psaty

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  1. A A Seyerle
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  2. C M Sitlani
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  3. R Noordam
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  4. S M Gogarten
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  5. J Li
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  6. X Li
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  7. D S Evans
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  8. F Sun
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  10. A Isaacs
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  14. T B Harris
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  15. S Trompet
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  16. J C Bis
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  17. G M Peloso
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  18. J A Brody
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  19. L Broer
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  21. Q Duan
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  27. H J Lin
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  28. R Li-Gao
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to A A Seyerle.

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The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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Seyerle, A., Sitlani, C., Noordam, R. et al. Pharmacogenomics study of thiazide diuretics and QT interval in multi-ethnic populations: the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology. Pharmacogenomics J 18, 215–226 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2017.10

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