Abstract
Crop pests and diseases (CPDs) are emerging threats to global food security, but trends in the occurrence of pests and diseases remain largely unknown due to the lack of observations for major crop producers. Here, on the basis of a unique historical dataset with more than 5,500 statistical records, we found an increased occurrence of CPDs in every province of China, with the national average rate of CPD occurrence increasing by a factor of four (from 53% to 218%) during 1970–2016. Historical climate change is responsible for more than one-fifth of the observed increment of CPD occurrence (22% ± 17%), ranging from 2% to 79% in different provinces. Among the climatic factors considered, warmer nighttime temperatures contribute most to the increasing occurrence of CPDs (11% ± 9%). Projections of future CPDs show that at the end of this century, climate change will lead to an increase in CPD occurrence by 243% ± 110% under a low-emissions scenario (SSP126) and 460% ± 213% under a high-emissions scenario (SSP585), with the magnitude largely dependent on the impacts of warmer nighttime temperatures and decreasing frost days. This observation-based evidence highlights the urgent need to accurately account for the increasing risk of CPDs in mitigating the impacts of climate change on food production.
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Data availability
The CRU TS 4.01 climate dataset is publicly available at https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/58a8802721c94c66ae45c3baa4d814d0. Two future scenario datasets in CMIP6 are publicly available at https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/input-data-bias-correction/. Agricultural data at the provincial scale is publicly open at https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/. The CPD dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16866736.v2. Source data are provided with this paper.
Code availability
All data were processed using MATLAB v2018b. Most of statistical analysis was carried out in MATLAB v2018b. The Bayesian hierarchical analysis was carried out in R studio (based on R version 3.5.2) with the Open BUGS API. The figures were produced in Origin Pro 2020b and ArcGIS 10.7. Figure 2 was produced with MATLAB code (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/45639-hexscatter-m). Other codes are available upon request.
Change history
01 February 2023
In the version of this article originally published, the name of Jay Ram Lamichhane in the Peer review acknowledgements was incomplete and has now been amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42171096). We thank M. He, Q. Liu and L. Jin for their help in preparing the manuscript. T. Pugh acknowledges support from BECC and MERGE.
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X.W. designed the study. C.W. collected data and performed analyses. C.W., X.W., Z.J., C.M. and S.P. wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and manuscript revisions.
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Peer review information Nature Food thanks Daniel Bebber, Nathaniel Newlands and Jay Ram Lamichhane for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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Wang, C., Wang, X., Jin, Z. et al. Occurrence of crop pests and diseases has largely increased in China since 1970. Nat Food 3, 57–65 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00428-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00428-0
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