Application of Cre-lox gene switch to limit the Cry expression in rice green tissues

Chen, Hao; Luo, Ju; Zheng, Peng; Zhang, Xiaobo; Zhang, Cuicui; Li, Xinyuan; Wang, Mugui; Huang, Yuqing; Liu, Xuejiao; Jan, Mehmood; Liu, Yujun; Hu, Peisong; Tu, Jumin

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14679-0

Download PDF

Article
Open access
Published: 06 November 2017

Application of Cre-lox gene switch to limit the Cry expression in rice green tissues

Hao Chen¹^na1,
Ju Luo²^na1,
Peng Zheng¹,
Xiaobo Zhang¹,
Cuicui Zhang¹,
Xinyuan Li¹,
Mugui Wang¹,
Yuqing Huang¹,
Xuejiao Liu¹,
Mehmood Jan¹,
Yujun Liu¹,
Peisong Hu² &
…
Jumin Tu¹

Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 14505 (2017) Cite this article

4839 Accesses
10 Citations
1 Altmetric
Metrics details

Subjects

Abstract

The presence of genetically modified (GM) protein in the endosperm is important information for the public when considering the biological safety of transgenic rice. To limit the expression of GM proteins to rice green tissues, we developed a modified Cre-lox gene switch using two cassettes named KEY and LOCK. KEY contains a nuclear-localized Cre recombinase driven by the green-tissue-specific promoter rbcS. LOCK contains a Nos terminator (NosT), which is used to block the expression of the gene of interest (GOI), bounded by two loxP sites. When KEY and LOCK are pyramided into hybrid rice, a complete gene switch system is formed. The Cre recombinase from KEY excises loxP-NosT in LOCK and unlocks the GOI in green tissues but keeps it locked in the endosperm. This regulatory effect was demonstrated by eYFP and Bt expression assays. The presence of eYFP and Cre were confirmed in the leaf, sheath, stem, and glume but not in the root, anther or seed of the gene-switch-controlled eYFP hybrids. Meanwhile, gene switch-controlled Bt hybrid rice not only confined the expression of Bt protein to the green tissues but also showed high resistance to striped stem borers and leaffolders.

Leaf transformation for efficient random integration and targeted genome modification in maize and sorghum

Article Open access 09 February 2023

Ning Wang, Larisa Ryan, … William Gordon-Kamm

Wuschel2 enables highly efficient CRISPR/Cas-targeted genome editing during rapid de novo shoot regeneration in sorghum

Article Open access 11 April 2022

Ping Che, Emily Wu, … Todd J. Jones

Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the phytoene desaturase gene in Coffea canephora

Article Open access 14 October 2022

Tatiane Casarin, Natália Chagas Freitas, … Luciano Vilela Paiva

Introduction

The global cultivation area of genetically modified (GM) plants, including corn, canola, soybean, and cotton, has increased consistently since their commercialization in 1996, reaching 185.1 million hectares in 2016¹. In contrast, the commercial release of transgenic rice has not yet been approved². This situation has continued even after the elite transgenic insect-resistant rice T51-1 and its derivative hybrid Shanyou63/Bt³ passed biosafety assessment and were awarded a biosafety certification by the Chinese government in 2009⁴ that was renewed in 2014². One possible reason is that as the first generation of transgenic technology product, T51-1 and its derivative hybrid Shanyou63/Bt, containing Bt driven by the constitutively active rice Actin I promoter, were endosperm-expressed and thus carried an insecticidal protein in their edible parts. Thus, the public may be concerned about whether GM food is safe⁵.

To relieve the concerns of the public regarding GM food biosafety, promoters specific to green tissues have been intensively studied to reduce the expression of transgenes in harvestable tissues. To date, numerous photosynthesis-related gene promoters, such as PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase)⁶, rbcS (ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)⁷, Pdk (pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase)⁸, LHCPII (light-harvesting chlorophyll a ⁄ b binding protein of photosystem II)⁹, LP2 (the rice Leaf Panicle 2 gene)¹⁰, D54O (photosystem II 10 kDa polypeptide)¹¹ and PNZIP (Pharbitis nil leucine zipper)¹², have been shown to activate expression in green tissues and minimize the presence of gene of interest (GOI) products in seeds. However, these promoters do not provide completely tissue-specific expression of the GOI due to background expression in the seed. For instance, the amount of GM protein detected in rbcS-driven Cry1C rice endosperm was 2.6 ng g⁻¹ in the tested samples⁷ and that in PEPC-driven Cry1Ab maize kernels was 15–18 ng mg⁻¹ soluble protein⁶. A trace amount of transgene product was also observed in PNZIP-driven Bt-cotton seed¹² as well as in PDX1-driven GUS-rice endosperm¹³.

Although there is no scientific basis or credible evidence for a food safety concern regarding Bt insecticidal proteins, developing transgenic rice that produces no GM protein in the endosperm would nonetheless be helpful¹⁴. Additionally, no foreign genes should be expressed in the edible parts in order to reassure the public regarding the safety of GM food^7,11. Finally, new approaches must be developed to reduce the unnecessary burden of energy consumption on plant metabolism compared with the previously used constitutive promoters⁷. Therefore, in summation, the development of a highly efficient method of GOI expression in the leaves and stems of GM crops, which simultaneously and completely avoids expressing the GOI in the edible parts, will prove to be useful in transgenic research.

In plant genetic engineering, Cre-lox, one of the most common site-specific recombination systems, has been often used to control or manipulate exogenous gene expression^{15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22}. The Cre-lox site-specific recombination system functions through interactions between Cre recombinase and its specific loxP recognition sites^18,20,22,23. When cells that have loxP sites in their genomes express Cre, a recombination event can occur between two loxP sites^24,25. In general, Cre recombinase has a 70% recombination efficiency without the aid of any accessory factors, and it can act on a variety of DNA substrate structures, including linear, circular and even supercoiled DNA^26,27,28. The use of the Cre-lox system in plant genome manipulation has been demonstrated to remove unwanted DNA²⁰, such as removing selectable markers from transgenic plants^29,30; effectively reduce complex transgene insertions to single copies^31,32; engineer chromosomes^33,34, etc. The transcription terminator of a gene or operon halts transcription by providing signals in the newly synthesized mRNA that trigger a process that releases the mRNA from the transcriptional complex³⁵. Currently, the Agrobacterium nopaline synthase terminator (NosT) is the most common generic recombinant element in plant genetic engineering¹⁵.

Here, we report a modified Cre-lox gene switch using two individual cassettes called KEY and LOCK. The KEY cassette contains a nuclear localization signal-tagged Cre recombinase driven by the green-tissue-specific promoter rbcS. The LOCK cassette contains a Nos terminator, which can block the expression of the GOI, bounded by two loxP sites. Our results demonstrate, based on an examination of eYFP protein and Bt application, that the Cre-lox gene switch formed when these two cassettes are combined can strictly confine the expression of the GOI to the green tissues, such that no accumulation of GM protein occurs in the endosperm. The effective strategy established in this study can be used in rice and possibly in other important crops.

Results

Vector construction, plant transformation and mechanism of the Cre-lox gene switch

The Cre-lox gene switch requires the construction of two completely independent vectors, pKEY and pLOCK. To construct the pKEY vector, a 3179-bp segment of the rbcS promoter (Supplementary Fig. S1a) was obtained from the genomic DNA of wild-type Nipponbare and subcloned into multiple cloning sites (MCS) in T-DNA1 of the commercially available binary vector pSB130 (Supplementary Fig. S2), followed by a Cre recombinase gene tagged with the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of Arabidopsis Krp2 (Supplementary Fig. S1b)³⁶ (Fig. 1a). Using the same method, the pLOCK vector was constructed with the rice Actin I promoter following a Nos terminator, which was bounded by two loxP loci as a lock to block the expression of the GOI (Fig. 1a). Here, the enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (eYFP) and Bt gene (Cry1Ab/1Ac) were used for validation and application, respectively. These genes were subcloned into the GOI site of pLOCK, and the resulted plasmids were named pLY and pLB. The hygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) gene in T-DNA2 of pSB130 functioned as a selectable marker for transformation (Fig. 1a) with a high chance to integrate separately from the target gene (into different chromosomes or different loci on the same chromosome) for easy removal from the offspring by selfing and segregation after transformation.

Then, the resulting constructs were introduced into the genome of wild-type Nipponbare and MH63, respectively, mediated by Agrobacterium EHA105³⁷. The resulted transgenic lines were named KEY, LY, and LB (Nipponbare background), and M-KEY, M-LB (MH63 background) lines, respectively. Transformation of Nipponbare calli using HPT to select and resulted in a total of 41, 30 and 50 transformants of pKEY, pLY and pLB, of which 21, 12 and 22 contained the KEY, LY and LB cassette, respectively while using PCR for identification. In MH63 background, there were 10 and 30 transformants of KEY and LB cassette, of which 4 and 19 contained the KEY and LB cassette, respectively.

According to the design of the system, the GOI in the LOCK (LY, LB or M-LB) line cannot be transcribed until this line is crossed with the KEY (or M-KEY) line. At that time, the NLS-tagged Cre recombinase driven by the rice rbcS promoter from KEY line can excise the loxP-bounded NosT fragment from the LOCK line, which switches on the LOCK to transcribe the GOI in green tissues. The mechanism by which this loxP-bounded NosT-specific recombination mediated by Cre recombinase occurred in the green tissues of the LOCK and KEY hybrid lines is shown in Fig. 1b, and the unlocked GOI will thus be expressed as normal. However, the locked GOI in the non-green tissues is not transcribed due to the lack of Cre recombinase to open the LOCK by removing the NosT fragment.

Validation of the Cre-lox gene switch via eYFP

To verify the function of the Cre-lox gene switch, the pKEY plasmid was introduced into pLY-positive calli via biolistic transformation after or without regeneration. The calli after regeneration contained green tissues. Twenty-four hours after transformation, detectable eYFP signal had appeared in the green post-regeneration calli; in contrast, no signals were detected in the non-regenerated calli, which lacked green tissue (Fig. 2a). These results preliminarily confirmed that the Cre-lox gene switch works in green tissues only.

We further observed eYFP signals under the control of the Cre-lox gene switch in leaf and root tissues and in cross sections of three-day germinating seeds collected from the F3 progeny, which were confirmed to be homozygous for both LOCK and KEY genes, of 6 LY/KEY (LYi/KEYj; i = 3, 4, 5; j = 1, 2) hybrids. The typical signal patterns are shown in Fig. 2b. The positive control lines harbouring 35 S::eYFP showed constitutive fluorescence in all tissues, while the positive control lines with pOsrbcS-eYFP exhibited a different pattern of fluorescence, i.e., extensive signal appeared in the green tissues but only faint signals were present in root tissues and the aleurone cells of seeds. The LY/KEY F3 progeny showed eYFP signals similar to those of both positive controls in the leaf tissues, but a complete absence of signal in either roots or seeds, similar to the negative controls (Fig. 2b) (wild-type control, the KEY and LY lines), which contained no eYFP protein (Supplementary Fig. S1c).

To demonstrate the presence of the KEY and LY genes without site-specific recombination in the tissues that did not display eYFP signals, we performed PCR analysis using two F3 progeny derived from the LY3/KEY2 and LY5/KEY1 hybrids. The expected bands representing KEY and LY not only appeared in the green tissues of the leaf, sheath, stem and glume but also in the non-green anther, root and seed organs, and site-specific recombination had occurred in all detected green tissues and in those tissues only (Fig. 3a). However, the frequency of recombination varied with the content of chlorophyll in different tissues. For example, the frequency of recombination in the leaf tissue, which has the highest chlorophyll content, reached almost 100%, while that in the sheath, stem and glume tissues, which have lower chlorophyll content, was approximately 50% or slightly lower than 50%. However, the frequency of recombination in the anther, seed and root organs that contain no chlorophyll was zero (Fig. 3a). These results were consistent with data obtained by qRT-PCR analysis, which showed expression of both eYFP and Cre in green tissues only (Fig. 3b).

Validation of the Cre-lox gene switch via application of the Bt gene

To further verify whether the Cre-lox gene switch can specifically and efficiently express the transgenic trait in rice green tissues, 3 LB lines containing single copies of LB cassette were crossed with 3 KEY lines containing single copies of KEY cassette (verified by Southern blot) (Supplementary Fig. S3a,b) to make 12 LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines (LBm/KEYn, KEYn/LBm; m = 3, 7, 9; n = 1, 2, 14). Among them, KEY1, KEY2, LB3 and LB7 were antibiotic marker (HPT)-free lines (Supplementary Fig. S3c). Before the field evaluation of insect resistance in 2014, Cry1Ab/1Ac protein contents were determined in the leaves and stems by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as shown in Fig. 4a,b. The results showed that most of the LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines contained the Cry1Ab/1Ac protein in their leaves at levels as high as those of the positive controls (T51-1 and its derivative hybrid Zheyou 3³⁸) in all three growth stages (tillering, heading and filling). However, the Cry1Ab/1Ac protein content of these hybrids was lower than that of the two positive controls in the stems, except for KEY2/LB3, KEY2/LB7, and LB3/KEY2, which had similar contents to that of Zheyou 3³⁸. Based on these results, the LB3/KEY1, LB7/KEY1 and LB9/KEY1 lines with low Cry1Ab/1Ac protein contents due to low Cre expression levels (Supplementary Fig. S4a) were further selected to determine whether they had good resistance against a manual infestation of striped stem borers. The KEY and LB parental lines and wild-type Nipponbare, which contained no Bt protein (Supplementary Fig. S4b), were used as negative controls. The results indicated that the negative controls were severely damaged by striped stem borers, and the number of damaged tillers per plant varied from 23.92% to 30.65%. The LB3/KEY1, LB7/KEY1 and LB9/KEY1 lines experienced only 6.40% to 7.64% damage, which was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that of the negative control lines (Fig. 5a). Typical phenotypes are shown in Supplementary Fig. S4c. The insect resistance of the other 9 LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines were also evaluated against natural outbreaks of striped stem borers. Severe damage was observed in the negative controls, with a rate between 6.96% and 9.85%, while the hybrid LB3/KEY2, LB7/KEY2, and KEY2/LB3 lines showed no damage from the striped stem borers, and the worst damage rate in the KEY1/LB3 line was only 0.63% (Table 1). These data thus imply that LB/KEY and KEY/LB hybrid lines under the control of the Cre-lox gene switch, even with a minimal content of Cry1Ab/1Ac protein, had a much higher resistance against striped stem borers than the negative controls.

Table 1 Resistance reaction of the parental KEY and LB lines, the hybrid LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines and the wild-type Nipponbare against striped stem borers and leaffolders under field conditions (Hangzhou, China).

Full size table

When subjected to a natural infestation of leaffolders, all 12 hybrid lines showed significantly reduced damage compared with that of the negative controls. The rate of tillers damaged and the number of leaves damaged per hybrid plant were 0 to 1.33% and 0–0.13, while those of the negative controls were 49.64–65.27% and 9.17–14.60, respectively (Table 1). These data thus demonstrate that the Cre-lox gene-switch-controlled Bt rice hybrids were highly resistant to leaffolders under field conditions.

To further address whether the Cre-lox gene switch can strictly prevent the expression of the transgene in seeds, the Bt protein from endosperm and brown rice was quantified using ELISA. As shown in Table 2, the detected value of Cry1Ab/1Ac protein in the endosperm showed no differences between all hybrid lines and wild-type Nipponbare, while that in the brown rice collected from the lines LB3, LB3/KEY2, LB7/KEY2 and KEY2/LB3 was only slightly higher than that of wild-type Nipponbare, possibly due to the effect of the rice seed coat, the embryo or both. However, the positive controls T51-1 and Zheyou 3 had, respectively, 371.67 ng g⁻¹ and 157.32 ng g⁻¹ Cry1Ab/1Ac proteins in endosperm and 897.36 ng g⁻¹ and 400.53 ng g⁻¹ Cry1Ab/1Ac proteins in brown rice. These results thereby confirmed that the Cre-lox gene switch could indeed completely switch off the expression of the GOI in rice endosperm.

Table 2 Cry1Ab/1Ac protein assay of the endosperm and brown rice of the parental LB line, the hybrid LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines, the positive control T51-1 and Zheyou3 lines and negative control wild-type Nipponbare quantified by ELISA.

Full size table

The agronomic performance data collected from the field experiment in 2014 showed that the LB3/KEY2, LB7/KEY2, LB7/KEY14, and KEY2/LB3 lines were not significantly different from wild-type Nipponbare, and the LB3/KEY2 line had slightly more grains per panicle than the control. The other LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines had various degrees of differences in agronomic traits, especially plant height (Table S1). These results showed that LB3/KEY2, LB7/KEY2, and KEY2/LB3 are the ideal lines for Cre-lox gene switch-controlled Bt application, as they had good resistance against lepidopteran pests, with no Bt protein in seeds, and had good agronomic traits and yield performance in the field.

Repeated verification of the Cre-lox gene switch via application of the Bt gene

To further confirm the above results, the above 3 ideal lines and the LB3/KEY1, LB7/KEY1 and KEY1/LB3 lines were selected to perform the same experiments in 2015 to further verify the Cre-lox gene switch. Similar to the results obtained in 2014, the 6 tested hybrids stably expressed the Cry1Ab/1Ac protein. All had high protein content in their leaves and stems compared with the positive control (Fig. 4c and d) and an undetectable amount in their endosperm with no difference from wild-type Nipponbare (Table 2). The resistances of these hybrids to the natural outbreaks of both striped stem borers and leaffolders were also much better than those of the negative controls (Table 1). Additionally, all these 6 hybrids were selected for laboratory tests against a manual infestation of striped stem borers; the mortality of larvae feeding on the leaf and stem sections increased from 2.22 to 11.11% in the leaves of the negative controls and from 10.00–20.00% in the stems of the negative controls to more than 97.78–100.00% and 85.00–98.33% in the leaves and stems of the hybrids, respectively (Fig. 5b). Typical phenotypes are shown in Fig. 5c and d. Specifically, the hybrid LB3/KEY2, which had a higher Cry1Ab/1Ac protein content in its leaves and stems in both years, was selected for field tests against a manual infestation of striped stem borers. Wild-type Nipponbare suffered serious damage caused by this manual infestation under field conditions compared to LB3/KEY2 (Fig. 4e); the damage rate decreased from 56.26% in the wild type to 0.78% in the LB3/KEY2 plants (Fig. 5e). Therefore, these results confirmed a second time that the Cre-lox gene switch could efficiently express the GOI in rice green tissues but not produce any GM protein in its endosperm. Furthermore, the agronomic performance of LB3/KEY2 and its parental lines KEY2 and LB3 were not significantly different from that of wild-type Nipponbare in the field test in Hangzhou (Table S2).

Cre-lox gene switch also functions in the indica rice background

To test whether the Cre-lox gene switch was functional in the indica rice cultivar, two hybrids, M-LB10/M-KEY4 and M-LB10/M-KEY6, were used for experiments in 2015. Similar to the results observed in the japonica hybrids, the two tested indica hybrids stably expressed the Cry1Ab/1Ac protein in leaves and stems and had an undetectable amount in seeds with no difference from the negative control (Supplementary Fig. S5). Their resistance against the natural outbreaks of both striped stem borers and leaffolders were also much better than that of the wild-type control and parental lines (Table S3). Larvae feeding on the leaf and stem sections of the M-LB/M-KEY lines showed significantly higher mortality than those feeding on the negative controls (Supplementary Fig. S6a,b and c). Meanwhile, the selected M-LB10/M-KEY6 line, which had higher Cry1Ab/1Ac protein content in its leaf and stem tissues, also displayed excellent resistance against a manual infestation of striped stem borers under field conditions. The damage rate was reduced from 81.36% in the wild-type control to 4.40% in M-LB10/M-KEY6 (Supplementary Fig. S6d and e). Finally, no negative alteration of agronomic traits was observed in the M-LB10/M-KEY6 hybrids (Table S4). Therefore, we can conclude that the Cre-lox gene switch works well in both japonica and indica rice cultivars.

Discussion

Striped stem borers and leaffolders, which are two lepidopteran pests of rice, cause severe yield losses in most rice-producing countries^7,38. The Cre-lox gene-switch-controlled Bt rice, including 12 LB/KEY and KEY/LB hybrids, that we developed in this study showed good resistance to these two destructive pests. The Bt content detected in the leaves of these 12 hybrids was as high as 0.42–4.68 µg/g, which is comparable to that of the green-tissue-specific promoter (rbcS)-driven Bt rice developed previously^7,39. Compared to those in the leaves, the detected Bt contents in the stems were not high in all LB/KEY or KEY/LB hybrids, but the Bt contents in the stems of some lines, such as LB3/KEY2, LB7/KEY2 and KEY2/LB3, were comparable to that in the stems of Zheyou 3³⁸, a T51–1 derivative line carrying an Actin I promoter-driven Bt gene.

As for the Bt contents in the endosperm, the previously reported tissue-specific promoters could reduce them to very low levels^{7,11,14,39,40,41} but not to zero, due to background expression of the promoters. For instance, the famous Bt rice RJ5, which harbours an rbcS promoter-driven Cry1C construct, can only reduce endosperm Bt protein to 2.6 ng g-1⁷. In contrast, the improved Cre-lox gene switch in this study further reduced the Bt content in the endosperm by an order of magnitude, that is, to the same level as in the wild-type control (Table 2). These results thus imply that the Cre-lox gene switch is an effective tool not only for expressing transgenic traits in rice green tissues but also for preventing the production of GM protein in the endosperm.

The reasons that the Cre-lox gene switch can control tissue-specific expression of the GOI so thoroughly are as follows: First, in the Cre-lox gene switch, the expression of Cre recombinase is designed to be driven by the green-tissue-specific promoter rbcS. This restriction means that the Cre recombinase is highly expressed in green tissues but is expressed only at a background level in the non-green tissues, including the endosperm. Second, the fusion of an Arabidopsis nuclear localization signal peptide derived from the Krp2 gene to Cre recombinase causes the efficient import of this recombinase into the nucleus, where it induces site-specific recombination, and thus may enhance the efficiency of recombination. Third, the recombination rate of Cre recombinase drops markedly in the non-green tissues due to the lack of excess enzyme molecules acting on the loxP loci. This situation is even more pronounced in the endosperm, since the small amount of Cre recombinase expressed there is likely degraded along with the programmed degradation of the endosperm cell nucleus during the development of the endosperm^{42,43,44,45,46}, which thus further reduces the rate of Cre-mediated recombination to zero. A flowchart explaining the mechanism and effects of the Cre-lox gene switch is shown in Fig. 6.

In addition to the Cre-lox gene switch that we constructed in this study for preventing transgene expression in the endosperm of the seed plant, several similar technologies for transgene containment with pollen or seeds as target have also been developed previously. These technologies include “GM-gene-deletor”⁴⁷, which was developed to eliminate all transgenes in target organs or entire plants; “terminator seed technology”⁴⁸, which was used to prevent the seed-mediated spread of GM genes; and “male and female sterility technology”⁴⁹, a technology for reducing the problem of gene flow from vegetatively propagated trees. Compared with these traditional techniques, our Cre-lox gene switch is technically unique. First, the technology’s goal is to completely shut down the expression of the GM gene in seeds, without removal of the DNA. Therefore, this technique does not share the problem of the “GM-gene-deletor” technology, that is, once the transgene is deleted, it no longer exists, so that the “GM-gene-deletor” technology can be only applied to asexually propagated crops⁴⁷. Theoretically, the Cre-lox gene switch has no limits to its application either in sexually or asexually reproducing crops. Second, the design strategy used to realize the technical goal in the Cre-lox gene switch was to first turn off all gene expression and then to activate expression in only the desired locations. Simply because of this, there is no “leakage problem”, which tissue-specific promoters inevitably have due to background expression⁷. Third, our Cre-lox gene switch is composed of two independent constructs, which can be transformed either into different recipient genomes, such as two parental lines, and then integrated into F₁ hybrids through sexual hybridization, or into the same genetic background in different plants, which can then be combined into a single line to create conventional varieties through backcrossing and marker-assisted selection.

As mentioned above, the antibiotic marker gene used for transformant screening in this study was constructed using a different vector T-DNA region from that of the target gene; therefore, the marker has a high chance to integrate independently from the desired transgene, into different chromosomes or different loci of the same chromosome, making it easy to remove through selfing segregation of offspring⁵⁰. In fact, according to our design, all antibiotic marker genes in any transgenic material that has a good prospect of application must be removed, so that no hidden threats to biological safety exist in this regard.

As far as the application of the Cre-lox gene switch is concerned, some hybrids or their offspring bred in this study have shown good development potential. One example is the LB3/KEY2 hybrid line; not only do its stems and leaves exhibit excellent insect resistance equally as effective as that of traditional Bt rice and its seeds not accumulate any GM protein but also its main agronomic traits are not different from those of the wild-type control (Table S1 and Table S2). These results indicate that the Cre-lox gene switch has no negative impacts on the agronomic performance of its breeding line. In summary, because no GM protein accumulates in the seeds, the implementation of Cre-lox gene switch technology could relieve public concerns about the biosafety of GM rice.

Materials and Methods

Plant materials and gene used

All of the transgenic plants were based on either the Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare or Oryza sativa ssp. indica cv. MH63 background. Gene Accession numbers: pOsrbcS (AP014968.1); Krp2 (NM_114923.4); Cre (AB449974.1); Cry1Ab/1Ac (EU880444.1); eYFP (AY189981.1).

PCR and Southern blot analyses

The PCR and Southern blot analyses were used to probe for the presence of the KEY, LY, and LB transformation insertion into the genome and the copy number in transgenic plants. PCR analyses were performed using the primers Cre-F&R, eYFP-F&R (Bt-F&R) and HPT-F&R (Table S5) to identify KEY, LY, and LB with HPT-free lines, respectively, PCR analyses were as well as utilized for validating the DNA recombination in LY/KEY hybrid lines by using the primers eYFP-switch-F&R (Table S5). A 20 µL mixture of 30–200 ng of template DNA, 1 × Buffer (50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 2 mM MgCl₂), 0.15 mM dNTPs, 0.1 µM each primer and 1 U of rTaq DNA polymerase (Takara, Japan) was prepared for the PCR assays. The PCR conditions were 95 °C for 3 min; 30 cycles of 95 °C for 30 min, 55 °C for 30 sec, and 72 °C for 1 min; and 72 °C for 7 min. The PCR products were then checked by electrophoresis. The plant genomic DNA was extracted by the CTAB method. For Southern blot analysis, 10 µg of genomic DNA from each sample was digested with Hind III, separated on a 1% agarose gel and then transferred to a nylon membrane (GE Healthcare, UK). The probes were prepared from a PCR-amplified fragment of Cre and Bt using the DIG DNA Labelling Mix (Roche, Mannhem, Germany). All of the procedures for hybridization were performed according to the manual.

Selection of homozygous KEY and LB lines with a single-copy insertion and obtaining the LY/KEY, LB/KEY and KEY/LB hybrid lines

The T₂ generation of the KEY, LY, and LB transformants (KEY and LB transformants with a single-copy insertion, identified by Southern blot) was grown on the experimental farm of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. Twenty-four individual plants in each T₂ family line were used for PCR to select homozygotes containing the Cre, or eYFP, or Bt gene. If all 24 plants contained the target gene, we considered this line to be homozygous. The obtained LY and LB homozygotes were used as the female parent and were emasculated with hot water to cross with KEY homozygotes to generate the LY/KEY and LB/KEY lines. In contrast, the obtained KEY homozygote was used as the female parent to cross with the LB homozygote to generate the KEY/LB lines.

Tissue localization of the Cre-lox gene switch controlled eYFP in the LY/KEY line

The plants of the LY/KEY line were used for tissue localization of the Cre-lox gene-switch-controlled eYFP. Seedlings were grown in Yoshida solution⁵¹ for approximately 2 weeks in a light room (temperature 25 °C; humidity 40%; light ≥3000 lux; 12 hours of light and 12 hours of night) with uniform wind circulation. The leaves and roots of the young seedlings at the 2–3 leaf stage and the cross section of the newly germinated seeds derived from the LY/KEY hybrid (after two generations of selfing to get F₃ progeny confirmed homozygous for both the KEY and LY transgenes) were used as the objects of this study. The corresponding samples from 35S-eYFP and pOsrbcS-eYFP plants were used for comparison. The fluorescence signals were visualized under confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM710).

RNA extraction and qRT-PCR analysis

Total RNA was isolated from fresh plant tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA). Each sample consisted of mixed RNA extracted from more than 20 plants. First-strand cDNA was generated using the Perfect Real Time Primescript RT reagent (TaKaRa, Japan) according to the kit manual. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed on an optical 96-well plate with a LightCycler 96 Real-Time PCR System (Roche, Switzerland) using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa, Japan) with three technical replicates. The PCR thermal cycling protocol was as follows: 95 °C for 10 s, followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 5 s and 60 °C for 30 s. Actin gene was used as the internal reference to assay the relative expression levels of Cre and eYFP. The gene-specific primers used for qRT-PCR are listed in Table S5.

Quantification assays of the insecticidal Cry1Ab/1Ac protein

A modified procedure using the ELISA kit AP003 CRBS (EnviroLogix, Portland) were used to quantify the Cry1Ab/1Ac protein. Approximately 20 mg of fresh sample from leaf and stem (at the tillering/heading/filling stages), endosperm and brown rice (at the mature stage) was collected and ground into powder, which was then suspended in extraction buffer according to the proportion of 20 mg powder/500 μL extraction buffer and diluted to an appropriate concentration using dilution buffer. The dilution fold was 200 for the leaf tissue of the positive controls (T51-1 and Zheyou3) and lines LB/KEY and KEY/LB; 50 for the stem tissue of lines LB/KEY and KEY/LB and the positive controls and for the endosperm and brown rice of the positive controls; and zero for the negative controls and the endosperm and brown rice of the LB/KEY and KEY/LB lines. The enzyme-linking reaction was performed following the manufacturer’s instructions. The optical density values of the samples were measured at a 450-nm wavelength using a multi-mode microplate reader (Synergy H1, USA), and the values were used to calculate the content of Cry1Ab/1Ac protein in the samples.

Field tests for insect resistance and agronomic performance

All the transgenic lines and the controls (wild-type Nipponbare and MH63) for insect resistance and agronomic trait and yield evaluation were planted in the containment field of the experimental farm of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, in 2014 and 2015. In the preliminary test, carried out in 2014, the seeds were sown in a seedling bed in early June, and the seedlings were transplanted to the experimental fields approximately 25 days later. The field layout followed a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each plot consisted of 10 plants in one row with a distance of 20.0 cm between plants within a row and 40.0 cm between rows. The experimental plots were bordered by three rows of non-transgenic Nipponbare or MH63 rice plants. However, in the verification test carried out in 2015, each plot consisted of 24 plants in two rows with distances of 20.0 cm (26.7 cm for MH63) between plants within a row and 15.0 cm (20.0 cm for MH63) between rows and 40.0 cm between plots. All other conditions were the same. No chemical insecticides targeted against lepidopteran pests were applied throughout the growth period. Therefore, natural infestations of leaffolders were obtained. The reaction of the plants to the natural infestation of leaffolders was scored five to seven days after peak damage appeared. Leaves with visible scrapes and tillers with visibly scraped leaves were scored as damaged leaves and tillers, respectively. Both natural and manual infestations of striped stem borers were used. For manual infestations under field conditions, each rice plant was infested with 80 first-instar larvae of striped stem borers at both the late maximum tillering stage and late booting stage. Damage symptoms were checked 7 to 15 days after infestation. Dead hearts and white heads caused by striped stem borers were counted together to calculate the infection rate. For manual infestation under laboratory conditions, the fresh stem and flag and second-leaf sections were collected at the booting stage. Two stem sections in a tube and four leaf sections in a petri dish were tested for each plant. Three plants were tested for each line. The infestation dose was 20 first-instar (second-instar for plants with the MH63 background) larvae for stem sections and 15 for leaf sections per plant. Damage symptoms were checked 6 days after infestation.

To test the agronomic performance of the transgenic plants in the field, the plot was designed and used as above, except that chemical pesticides were applied throughout the growth period for crop protection. At maturity, the plant height was measured in the field, and all plants from each plot (15 individual plants per line were divided into three repetitions) were collected to measure the panicle length, number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle, seed-set rate, 1000-grain weight, and yield per plant.

Statistical analysis

The data in each table was analysed by the Dunnett t test using the SPSS 22.0 software package, respectively. Statistically significant results at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 are indicated in the tables.

References

James, C. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM crops: 2016. ISAAA Brief No. 52. (ISAAA, Ithaca, NY, 2016).
Li, Y., Hallerman, E. M., Liu, Q., Wu, K. & Peng, Y. The development and status of Bt rice in China. Plant Biotechnology Journal 14, 839–848 (2016).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tu, J. et al. Field performance of transgenic elite commercial hybrid rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin. Nature Biotechnology 18, 1101–1104 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen, M., Shelton, A. & Ye, G. Y. Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Rice in China: From Research to Commercialization. Annual Review of Entomology 56, 81–101 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dona, A. & Arvanitoyannis, I. S. Health risks of genetically modified foods. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 49, 164–175 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Koziel, M. G. et al. Field Performance of Elite Transgenic Maize Plants Expressing an Insecticidal Protein Derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Nature Biotechnology 11, 194–200 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ye, R. et al. Development of insect-resistant transgenic rice with Cry1C*-free endosperm. Pest Management Science 65, 1015–1020 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jang, I. C., Nahm, B. H. & Kim, J. K. Subcellular targeting of green fluorescent protein to plastids in transgenic rice plants provides a high-level expression system. Molecular Breeding 5, 453–461 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Tada, Y., Sakamoto, M., Matsuoka, M. & Fujimura, T. Expression of a monocot LHCP promoter in transgenic rice. The EMBO journal 10, 1803–1808 (1991).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thilmony, R., Guttman, M., Thomson, J. G. & Blechl, A. E. The LP2 leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase gene promoter directs organ-specific, light-responsive expression in transgenic rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 7, 867–882 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cai, M., Wei, J., Li, X., Xu, C. & Wang, S. A rice promoter containing both novel positive and negative cis-elements for regulation of green tissue-specific gene expression in transgenic plants. Plant Biotechnology Journal 5, 664–674 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang, Q. et al. Transgenic Bt cotton driven by the green tissue-specific promoter shows strong toxicity to lepidopteran pests and lower Bt toxin accumulation in seeds. Science China Life Sciences 59, 172–182 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ye, R., Zhou, F. & Lin, Y. Two novel positive cis-regulatory elements involved in green tissue-specific promoter activity in rice (Oryza sativa L ssp.). Plant Cell Reports 31, 1159–1172 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang, Y. Y., Mei, F., Zhang, W., Shen, Z. & Fang, J. Creation of Bt rice expressing a fusion protein of Cry1Ac and Cry1I-like using a green tissue-specific promoter. Journal of Economic Entomology 107, 1674–1679 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Barbau-Piednoir, E. et al. SYBR ® Green qPCR screening methods for the presence of “35S promoter” and “NOS terminator” elements in food and feed products. European Food Research & Technology 230, 383–393 (2010).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Cho, J. I. & Jeon, J. S. Role of the Rice Hexokinases OsHXK5 and OsHXK6 as Glucose Sensors. Plant Physiology 149, 745–759 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hoa, T. T. C., Bong, B. B., Huq, E. & Hodges, T. K. Cre/lox site-specific recombination controls the excision of a transgene from the rice genome. Theoretical & Applied Genetics 104, 518–525 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ow, D. W. Recombinase-directed plant transformation for the post-genomic era. Plant Molecular Biology 48, 183–200 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ow, D. W. The right chemistry for marker gene removal? Nature Biotechnology 19, 115–116 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gilbertson, L. Cre–lox recombination: Cre-ative tools for plant biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology 21, 550–555 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li, Y. et al. ‘GM-gene-deletor’: Fused loxP-FRT Recognition Sequences Dramatically Improve Efficiency of FLP or Cre Recombinase on Transgene Excision from Pollen and Seed of GM Plants. Abstracts International Horticultural Congress & Exhibition (2006).
Van-Duyne, G. A structural view of cre-loxp site-specific recombination. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30, 87–104 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tsien, J. Z. Cre-Lox Neurogenetics: 20 Years of Versatile Applications in Brain Research and Counting. Frontiers in Genetics 7, 19 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Sauer, B. & Henderson, N. Site-specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre recombinase of bacteriophage P1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85, 5166–5170 (1988).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
Sauer, B. Functional expression of the cre-lox site-specific recombination system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular & Cellular Biology 7, 2087–2096 (1987).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zheng, B., Sage, M., Sheppeard, E. A., Jurecic, V. & Bradley, A. Engineering Mouse Chromosomes with Cre-loxP: Range, Efficiency, and Somatic Applications. Molecular & Cellular Biology 20, 648–655 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang, S. Z., Liu, B. H., Tao, H. W., Xia, K. & Zhang, L. I. A Genetic Strategy for Stochastic Gene Activation with Regulated Sparseness (STARS). PLoS One 4, 151–163 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lee, G. & Saito, I. Role of nucleotide sequences of loxP spacer region in Cre-mediated recombination. Gene 216, 55–65 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dale, E. C. & Ow, D. W. Gene Transfer with Subsequent Removal of the Selection Gene from the HostGenome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, 10558 (1991).
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Russell, S. H., Hoopes, J. L. & Odell, J. T. Directed excision of a transgene from the plant genome. Molecular and General Genetics MGG 234, 49–59 (1992).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Srivastava, V., Anderson, O. D. & Ow, D. W. Single-copy transgenic wheat generated through the resolution of complex integration patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 11117–11121 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
Srivastava, V. & Ow, D. W. Simplifying Transgene Locus Structure Through Cre-lox Recombination in Plant Gene Silencing: Methods and Protocols (eds Kirankumar S. Mysore & Muthappa Senthil-Kumar) 95–103 (Springer New York, 2015).
Qin, M., Bayley, C., Stockton, T. & Ow, D. W. Cre recombinase-mediated site-specific recombination between plant chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 1706–1710 (1994).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
Koshinsky, H. A., Lee, E. & Ow, D. W. Cre-lox site-specific recombination between Arabidopsis and tobacco chromosomes. The Plant Journal 23, 715–722 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Richardson, L. V. & Richardson, J. P. Rho-dependent termination of transcription is governed primarily by the upstream Rho utilization (rut) sequences of a terminator. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 21597–21603 (1996).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bird, D. A., Buruiana, M. M., Zhou, Y., Fowke, L. C. & Wang, H. Arabidopsis cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are nuclear-localized and show different localization patterns within the nucleoplasm. Plant Cell Reports 26, 861–872 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang, R. et al. Analyses of two rice (Oryza sativa) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and effects of transgenic expression of OsiICK6 on plant growth and development. Annals of Botany 107, 1087–1101 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu, X. et al. Development of photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility rice expressing transgene Bacillus thuringiensis. Breeding Science 65, 333–339 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
Qi, Y. et al. Marker-free, tissue-specific expression of Cry1Ab as a safe transgenic strategy for insect resistance in rice plants. Pest Management Science 69, 135–141 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Datta, K. et al. Constitutive and tissue-specific differential expression of the cryIA(b) gene in transgenic rice plants conferring resistance to rice insect pest. Theoretical & Applied Genetics 97, 20–30 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Qiu, C. et al. Production of marker-free transgenic rice expressing tissue-specific Bt gene. Plant Cell Reports 29, 1097–1107 (2010).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Olsen, O. A. Nuclear endosperm development in cereals and Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell 16, S214–S227 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhou, S. R., Yin, L. L. & Xue, H. W. Functional genomics based understanding of rice endosperm development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16, 236–246 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Young, T. E. & Gallie, D. R. Regulation of programmed cell death in maize endosperm by abscisic acid. Plant Molecular Biology 42, 397–414 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Young, T. E. & Gallie, D. R. Programmed cell death during endosperm development. Plant Molecular Biology 44, 283–301 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wei, C., Lan, S. & Xu, Z. Ultrastructural Features of Nucleus Degradation During Programmed Cell Death of Starchy Endosperm Cells in Rice. Acta Botanica Sinica 44, 1396–1402 (2002).
Google Scholar
Luo, K. et al. ‘GM-gene-deletor’: fused loxP-FRT recognition sequences dramatically improve the efficiency of FLP or CRE recombinase on transgene excision from pollen and seed of tobacco plants. Plant Biotechnology Journal 5, 263–374 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Oliver, M. J., Quisenberry, J. E., Trolinder, N. L. G. & Keim, D. L. Control of Plant Gene Expression. United Patent US 5,723,765 (1998).
Daniell, H. Engineering Cytoplasmic Male Sterility via the Chloroplast Genome by Expression of β-Ketothiolase. Plant Physiology 138, 1232 (2005).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Liu, X. et al. Development of high-lysine rice via endosperm-specific expression of a foreign LYSINE RICH PROTEIN gene. BMC Plant Biology 16, 147 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yoshida, S. et al. Routine procedures for growing rice plants in culture solution, in Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice (eds Yoshida, S., Forno, D. A., Cock, J. H., Gomez, K. A.) 61–66 (International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, 1976).

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Major Science and Technology Programme on New GMO Organism Variety Breeding (2008ZX08001-001, 2009ZX08018-004B-6, 2011ZX08001-001, 2014ZX08001-001-001-002, and 2016ZX08001-001-001-002). Special thanks to Prof. Sibin Yu from Huazhong Agriculture University and Prof. Haiming Xu from Zhejiang University for guidance and assistance in data processing and analysis. Special thanks also to Prof. Sai Ming Samuel Sun of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Prof. David W. Ow of Chinese Academy of Sciences who kindly provided the double T-DNA plasmid pSB130 and Cre/loxP system, respectively.

Author information

Hao Chen and Ju Luo contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
Hao Chen, Peng Zheng, Xiaobo Zhang, Cuicui Zhang, Xinyuan Li, Mugui Wang, Yuqing Huang, Xuejiao Liu, Mehmood Jan, Yujun Liu & Jumin Tu
State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute. Ti-Yu-Chang Road No 359, Hangzhou, 310006, China
Ju Luo & Peisong Hu

Authors

Hao Chen
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Ju Luo
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Peng Zheng
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Xiaobo Zhang
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Cuicui Zhang
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Xinyuan Li
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Mugui Wang
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Yuqing Huang
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Xuejiao Liu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Mehmood Jan
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Yujun Liu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Peisong Hu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jumin Tu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Hao Chen designed and carried out the experiments, analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Ju Luo and Xiaobo Zhang participated in vector design and construction. Cuicui Zhang took part in ELISA analysis. Peng Zheng, Xinyuan Li, Mugui Wang, Yuqing Huang, Xuejiao Liu, Muhammad Jan, and Yujun Liu assisted in the genetic transformation and molecular analysis of the transgenic materials. Jumin Tu and Peisong Hu defined the research theme, designed the experiments and corrected the manuscript. All of the authors approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Peisong Hu or Jumin Tu.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chen, H., Luo, J., Zheng, P. et al. Application of Cre-lox gene switch to limit the Cry expression in rice green tissues. Sci Rep 7, 14505 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14679-0

Download citation

Received: 08 March 2017
Accepted: 17 October 2017
Published: 06 November 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14679-0

This article is cited by

The high level food-grade expression of glutamate decarboxylase in Bacillus subtilis through combination of genomic integration and free plasmid
- Huihui Lv
- Xinrui Yu
- Kang Zhang
Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing (2024)
Metabolic pathway genes for editing to enhance multiple disease resistance in plants
- Ajjamada C. Kushalappa
- Niranjan G. Hegde
- Kalenahalli N. Yogendra
Journal of Plant Research (2022)
Cre-mediated marker gene removal for production of biosafe commercial oilseed rape
- Eva Boszorádová
- Ildikó Matušíková
- Jana Moravčíková
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum (2019)

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.