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The E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 cooperate to limit TH2 differentiation by enhancing signaling through the TCR

Nature Immunology volume 19, pages 766–775 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

The mechanisms by which the sensitivity of naive CD4+ T cells to stimulation by the cognate antigen via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) determines their differentiation into distinct helper T cell subsets remain elusive. Here we demonstrate functional collaboration of the ubiquitin E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 in regulating the strength of the TCR signal. Mice lacking both Itch and WWP2 in T cells showed spontaneous autoimmunity and lung inflammation. CD4+ T cells deficient in Itch and WWP2 exhibited hypo-responsiveness to TCR stimulation and a bias toward differentiation into the TH2 subset of helper T cells. Itch and WWP2 formed a complex and cooperated to enhance TCR-proximal signaling by catalyzing the conjugation of atypical ubiquitin chains to the phosphatase SHP-1 and reducing the association of SHP-1 with the tyrosine kinase Lck. These findings indicate that targeted ubiquitination regulates the strength of the TCR signal and differentiation toward the TH2 lineage.

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Fig. 1: Itch interacts with WWP2 through its third WW domain.
Fig. 2: Accelerated autoimmunity and inflammation in DKO mice.
Fig. 3: Itch and WWP2 collaboratively regulate TH2 differentiation.
Fig. 4: Itch and WWP2 cooperate to promote proximal TCR signaling.
Fig. 5: Itch and WWP2 promote the polyubiquitination of SHP-1.
Fig. 6: Characterization of the ubiquitination of SHP-1 by Itch and WWP2.
Fig. 7: SHP-1 ubiquitination regulates the function of Lck.

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Acknowledgements

We thank L.G. Glimcher (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute) for the Wwp2−/− mouse strain; H. Deng for mass spectrometry; Z. Yang for purification of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins; H. Li for imaging analysis, J. Greenbaum, A. Sethi and G. Tian for RNA-seq analysis; and members of the Liu laboratory for discussions. Supported by the Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (fellowship to D.A.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81725010 and XBD19000000 to W. Zou), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (YFA0505802, YFC0903900, NSFC81630041), the US National Institutes of Health (RO1AI123398 and R21AI122258) and the Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences (Y.-C.L.).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Daisuke Aki, Hui Li, Wen Zhang.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Daisuke Aki, Hui Li, Wen Zhang, Mingke Zheng & Yun-Cai Liu

  2. La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Daisuke Aki, Chris Elly, Jee H. Lee & Yun-Cai Liu

  3. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Weiguo Zou

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Contributions

D.A., H.L., and W. Zhang performed experiments and analyzed data; M.Z., C.E. and J.H.L. prepared reagents and maintained mouse breeding colonies; W. Zou provided the Wwp2−/− mouse strain and performed initial proteomics analysis; and D.A. and Y.-C.L. designed the study and wrote the manuscript.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Itch forms complex with WWP2.

(a) Schematic representation of mouse Itch and WWP2 protein showing functional domains and amino acid sequence similarity. (b) Immunoblot of precipitates from HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated expression vectors, then lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc antibody. (c) Interaction of Itch and WWP2 in Jurkat T cells co-transfected with Xpress-Itch and FLAG-WWP2 expression vectors, stimulated with anti-CD3 for 15 min, lysed and then immunoprecipitated with anti-Xpress antibody. Data are representative of two independent experiments.

Supplementary Figure 2 Itch and WWP2 cooperatively protect against autoimmunity.

(a) Red blood cell counts (left) and hemoglobin concentration (right) in the peripheral blood from 6-8 wks old WT and DKO mice. Data are means ± SD (n=8 per group). (b) Productions of anti-dsDNA (left) or anti-histone antibodies (right) in the serum from WT or DKO bone marrow chimeric mice determined by ELISA. Data are means ± SD (n=6 per group). (c) The lung sections from WT or DKO bone marrow chimeric mice stained with hematoxylin and eosin. (d) Frequencies (left) or cell numbers (right) of eosinophils (EOS), macrophages (MAC), dendritic cells (DC) and neutrophils (NEU) in the lung from bone marrow chimeric mice in Fig. 2e. Data are means ± SD (EOS, MAC, NEU; n=8, DC; n=5 per group). (e) Productions of multiple Ig subclasses in the serum from WT or DKO bone marrow chimeric mice determined by ELISA. Data are means ± SD (n=10 per group). Each symbol represents individual mouse. Data are pooled from or representative of two to three independent experiments. P values were calculated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001; NS, non-significant.

Supplementary Figure 3 Cooperation of Itch and WWP2 in TH2 differentiation.

(a) Frequencies of memory-like and naive CD4+ T cells in the spleen from WT and DKO bone marrow chimeric mice. Data are means ± SD (n=9 per group). (b) Representative plots of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen. (c) Relative expressions of genes encoding cytokines and transcription factors in WT versus WWP2-/-, Itchf/fCd4-Cre, or DKO CD4+ T cells. (d) Relative expressions of genes encoding selected cytokines and transcription factors from splenic memory-like CD4+ T cells from WT and DKO bone marrow chimeric mice stimulated with anti-CD3+CD28 for 4 h. The mRNA expression levels were normalized to beta-Actin. Data are means ± SD (n=3 per group). (e) Expression of selected TH2 specific genes in PMA+ionomycin stimulated WT, WWP2-/-, Itchf/fCd4-Cre, or DKO CD4+ T cells presented as log2RPKM values. (f) Representative plots of IL-4+ or IFNgamma+ CD4+ T cells in Fig. 3c. (g) IL-4 production by sorted naïve CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3+CD28 for 48 h and determined by ELISA. Data are means ± SD (n=4 per group). (h) Expression of genes encoding selected STAT5 targets in CD4+ T cells stimulated with PMA and Ionomycin presented as log2RPKM values. Data are pooled from or representative of two to five independent experiments. P values were calculated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test (a, d, g) or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (c). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001; NS, non-significant.

Supplementary Figure 4 Itch and WWP2 control TCR-proximal signaling.

(a) IL-2 production by sorted CD4+CD45.2+ T cells from WT or DKO bone marrow chimeric mice stimulated with anti-CD3+CD28 for 48 h and determined by ELISA. Data are means ± SD (n=3 per group). (b) Schematic representation of genome-editing strategy to delete endogenous Itch and WWP2 in Jurkat T cells. The single-guide (sg) RNA sequences target within exon 4 in hItch and exon 3 in hWwp2 and depicted in red. The protospacer adjacent motifs are depicted in blue. (c) Immunoblot of the cell lysates from WT and DKO Jurkat T cells with the indicated antibodies. (d) Internalized TCRbeta in anti-CD3+CD28 stimulated CD4+CD45.2+ T cells from bone marrow chimeric mice analyzed at the indicated time by flow cytometry. Data are means ± SD (n=3 per group). (e) Recycled TCRbeta in anti-CD3+CD28 stimulated CD4+CD45.2+ T cells from bone marrow chimeric mice analyzed at the indicated time by flow cytometry. Data are means ± SD (n=3 per group). Data are pooled from or representative of two to three independent experiments. P values were calculated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. **p<0.01.

Supplementary Figure 5 SHP-1 is a common substrate for Itch and WWP2.

(a,b) Immunoblot of precipitates from HEK293T cells transfected with FLAG-SHP-1 and Itch (a) or WWP2 (b), then lysed and immunoprecipitaed with anti-FLAG antibody. (c) Immunoblot of precipitates from HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated expression vectors, lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-FLAG antibody. (d) Immunoblot of HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated siRNA, subsequently transfected with FLAG-SHP-1 and HA-Ubiquitin expression vectors. Data are representative of two independent experiments.

Supplementary Figure 6 Identification of ubiquitination sites of mouse SHP-1 by Itch and WWP2.

Amino acid sequence alignment of SHP-1 around the identified lysine residues as the ubiquitination sites among the indicated species.

Supplementary Figure 7 SHP-1 ubiquitination does not affect its protein stability or phosphatase activity, nor thymic development.

(a) Immunoblot of cell lysates from WT and DKO Jurkat T cells treated with 10 μM MG132 for the indicated time points and analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. (b) immunoblot of cell lysates from Jurkat cells expressing FLAG-WT-SHP-1 and FLAG-3KR-SHP-1 treated with 10 μM MG132 for the indicated time points and analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. (c) In vitro PTP assay of GST-WT-SHP-1 or GST-3KR-SHP-1 measured using DiFMUP as the substrate. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of fluorescence signal with technical replicates (n=3). Right, CBB staining of each purified protein as an input control. (d,e) Immunoblot of precipitates from Jurkat T cells transfected with FLAG-WT-SHP-1 or FLAG-3KR-SHP-1, lysed and immunopreciptated with anti-FLAG antibody. (f) Immunoblot of cell lysates from WT and DKO Jurkat T cells analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. (g) Frequencies of CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ subsets in GFP+ thymocytes from bone marrow chimeric mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells transduced with retrovirus expression vector for WT- or 3KR-SHP-1. Right, representative plots of these subsets. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=7). (h) Frequencies of CD4+CD69+ subset in GFP+ thymocytes from WT- or 3KR-SHP-1 bone marrow chimeric mice. Right, representative plots of this subset. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=7). (i) Frequencies of CD45.1+ (WT) or CD45.2+ (DKO) cells in the thymocytes of mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). (j) Frequencies of CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ subsets in CD45.1+ (WT) or CD45.2+ (DKO) thymocytes of mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Right, representative plots of these subsets. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). (k) Frequencies of CD4+CD69+ subset in CD45.1+ (WT) or CD45.2+ (DKO) thymocytes of mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). (l) Frequencies of splenic naïve (CD25-CD44-CD62Lhi) (left), and memory-like (CD44hiCD62L-) (middle) GFP+CD4+ T cells from WT- or 3KR-SHP-1 bone marrow chimeric mice. Right, representative plots of these subsets. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=7). Data are representative of two to five independent experiments. P values were calculated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. NS, non-significant.

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Aki, D., Li, H., Zhang, W. et al. The E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 cooperate to limit TH2 differentiation by enhancing signaling through the TCR. Nat Immunol 19, 766–775 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-018-0137-8

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