Abstract
Biological interpretation of genome-wide association study data frequently involves assessing whether SNPs linked to a biological process, for example, binding of a transcription factor, show unsigned enrichment for disease signal. However, signed annotations quantifying whether each SNP allele promotes or hinders the biological process can enable stronger statements about disease mechanism. We introduce a method, signed linkage disequilibrium profile regression, for detecting genome-wide directional effects of signed functional annotations on disease risk. We validate the method via simulations and application to molecular quantitative trait loci in blood, recovering known transcriptional regulators. We apply the method to expression quantitative trait loci in 48 Genotype-Tissue Expression tissues, identifying 651 transcription factor-tissue associations including 30 with robust evidence of tissue specificity. We apply the method to 46 diseases and complex traits (average n = 290 K), identifying 77 annotation-trait associations representing 12 independent transcription factor-trait associations, and characterize the underlying transcriptional programs using gene-set enrichment analyses. Our results implicate new causal disease genes and new disease mechanisms.
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Acknowledgements
We thank C. de Boer, L. Dicker, J. Engreitz, T. Finucane, N. Friedman, R. Gumpert, M. Kanai, S. Kim, X. Liu, M. Mitzenmacher, J. Perry, S. Reilly, D. Reshef, S. Raychaudhuri, A. Schoech, P. Sabeti, R. Tewhey, O. Troyanskaya, P. Turley, O. Weissbrod, J. Zhou, and the CGTA discussion group for helpful discussions. This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application No. 16549 and was supported by US National Institutes of Health grants No. U01 HG009379, R01 MH101244, R01 MH109978, and R01 MH107649. Y.A.R. was supported by award No. T32GM007753 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, and the Paul and Daisy Soros Foundation. H.K.F. was supported by the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation and by Eric and Wendy Schmidt. F.H. is supported by National Institute of Health award No. T32 DK110919. L.P. is supported by National Institutes of Health award No. R00HG008399. R.P.A. is supported by NSF grant No. IIS-1421780. Computational analyses were performed on the Orchestra High Performance Compute Cluster at Harvard Medical School, which is partially supported by grant No. NCRR 1S10RR028832-01. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
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Y.A.R. and A.L.P. designed the study. Y.A.R., H.K.F., D.R.K., A.G., F.H., J.N., and P.-R.L. analyzed data. Y.A.R. and A.L.P. wrote the manuscript with assistance from H.K.F., D.R.K., A.G., D.K., J.C.U., F.H., J.N., L.O., B.v.d.G., P.-R.L., S.R.G., G.B., S.G., P.F.P., L.P., N.P., and R.P.A.
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D.R.K. is employed by the Calico Life Sciences LLC. The rest of the authors declare no competing interests.
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Supplementary Text and Figures
Supplementary Figures 1–14, Supplementary Tables 1, 13, 14, 16, 20 and 21, and Supplementary Note
Supplementary Table 2
Numerical results for Fig. 1
Supplementary Table 3
Numerical results for Fig. 2
Supplementary Table 4
List of traits analyzed in BLUEPRINT/NTR analysis
Supplementary Table 5
Details of results of BLUEPRINT/NTR analysis
Supplementary Table 6
List of GTEx traits analyzed
Supplementary Table 7
Results of GTEx analysis
Supplementary Table 8
List of diseases and complex traits analyzed
Supplementary Table 9
Results of SLDP analysis of 46 diseases and complex traits
Supplementary Table 10
Results of enrichment analysis of signed LD profile regression disease/complex trait analysis
Supplementary Table 11
Numerical results for Fig. 6
Supplementary Table 12
Numerical results for Fig. 7
Supplementary Table 15
Numerical results for Supplementary Fig. 9
Supplementary Table 17
Results of signed LD profile regression using DeepSEA-based annotations
Supplementary Table 18
Results of signed LD profile regression using GTRD-based annotations
Supplementary Table 19
Results of signed LD profile regression using HOCOMOCO motif-based annotations
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Reshef, Y.A., Finucane, H.K., Kelley, D.R. et al. Detecting genome-wide directional effects of transcription factor binding on polygenic disease risk. Nat Genet 50, 1483–1493 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0196-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0196-7
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