Abstract
Malignancy is accompanied by changes in the metabolism of both cells and the organism1,2. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with wasting of peripheral tissues, a metabolic syndrome that lowers quality of life and has been proposed to decrease survival of patients with cancer3,4. Tissue wasting is a multifactorial disease and targeting specific circulating factors to reverse this syndrome has been mostly ineffective in the clinic5,6. Here we show that loss of both adipose and muscle tissue occurs early in the development of pancreatic cancer. Using mouse models of PDAC, we show that tumour growth in the pancreas but not in other sites leads to adipose tissue wasting, suggesting that tumour growth within the pancreatic environment contributes to this wasting phenotype. We find that decreased exocrine pancreatic function is a driver of adipose tissue loss and that replacement of pancreatic enzymes attenuates PDAC-associated wasting of peripheral tissues. Paradoxically, reversal of adipose tissue loss impairs survival in mice with PDAC. When analysing patients with PDAC, we find that depletion of adipose and skeletal muscle tissues at the time of diagnosis is common, but is not associated with worse survival. Taken together, these results provide an explanation for wasting of adipose tissue in early PDAC and suggest that early loss of peripheral tissue associated with pancreatic cancer may not impair survival.
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Acknowledgements
We thank members of the Vander Heiden and Wolpin laboratories for discussions and the Koch Institute Swanson Biotechnology Center, particularly the Animal Imaging and Preclinical Testing Facility, for technical assistance. Major funding for this work was provided by the Lustgarten Foundation to B.M.W. and M.G.V.H. L.V.D. was supported by NIH Ruth Kirschstein Fellowship (F32CA210421). A.B. was supported by P50CA127003 and the Robert T. and Judith B. Hale Fund for Pancreatic Cancer Research. A.M. was supported by F32CA213810. E.C.L. was supported by the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRG-2299-17). A.N.L. is a Robert Black Fellow of the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRG-2241-15). B.M.W was supported by Robert T. and Judith B. Hale Fund for Pancreatic Cancer Research, NIH/NCI (U01CA210171), Department of Defense (CA130288), Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Stand Up To Cancer, Noble Effort Fund, Peter R. Leavitt Family Fund, Wexler Family Fund, and Promises for Purple. M.G.V.H. was supported in part by a Faculty Scholar grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and acknowledges additional funding from Stand Up To Cancer, The Ludwig Center at MIT, the Koch Institute Frontier Awards, the MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, and the NIH (R01CA168653, P30CA14051).
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Nature thanks M. Löhr and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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L.V.D. designed, performed and analysed the animal experiments with input from M.G.V.H.; L.V.D., A.B., B.M.W. and M.G.V.H. wrote the manuscript with assistance from all other authors. E.A.D. and P.J.-S. assisted with animal experimentation. A.M. immortalized and A.N.L. isolated PSCs. E.C.L. performed caloric restriction experiments. J.R.M. performed muscle volume measurements and blood measurements. K.T. performed non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol assays. A.B., M.H.R., C.B.C. and B.M.W. designed the human study. C.M.P., G.M.P., N.T., M.S., J.J.Y., N.L., N.B., C.F.-d.C., A.S.L., A.C.K., J.B., C.Y., M.W.W., L.K.B., M.H.K. and B.M.W. were involved in patient recruitment and patient data collection. C.D. and C.B.C. were involved in metabolite measurements in patients. A.B. and M.H.R. analysed human data. B.M.W. supervised the human study.
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Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 PDAC is associated with adipose and skeletal muscle wasting.
a, Circulating BCAAs (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) in male control (n = 12) and early KP−/−C (n = 10) mice. b, Representative histology of H&E-stained gastrocnemius skeletal muscle of control and early KP−/−C mice. n = 4 per group. c, Relative myofibre area in male control and early KP−/−C mice. n = 3 per group. *P < .0001. d, Representative 3D μCT imaging reconstruction of soleus and gastrocnemius skeletal muscle (highlighted in red). e, Relative soleus and gastrocnemius skeletal muscle as assessed by micro-CT scan of control and early KP−/−C male mice. n = 10 per group. P = 0.04. f, Skeletal muscle tissue mass of the indicated muscle groups in male control (n = 8) and early KP−/−C mice (n = 9). *P = 0.006 (quadriceps), *P = 0.02 (tibialis anterior), *P = 0.004 (soleus). g, Relative mRNA expression of the indicated genes assessed by RT–qPCR. n = 4 per group. P = 0.05 (Mstn), *P = 0.01 (Trim63), *P = 0.07 (Fbxo32), *P = 0.00004 (Map1lc3a), *P = .006 (Gabarapl1). h, Representative histology of H&E-stained epididymal adipose tissue from control and early KP−/−C male mice. n = 4 per group. i, Relative adipocyte area in male control and early KP−/−C mice. n = 3 per group. P < 0.0001. j, Glycerol release in ex vivo adipose tissue explants from control and early KP−/−C male mice. n = 7 per group. P = 0.01. k, Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release in ex vivo adipose tissue explants from control (n = 8) and KP−/−C male (n = 7) mice. P = 0.0002. l, Representative western blot analysis of phosphorylated (p)HSL and HSL expression in adipose tissue of control and early KP−/−C male mice. n = 3 per group. m, Representative H&E histology images of the pancreas of 15-week-old KC male mice. n = 5 per group. Unless otherwise indicated, statistical analysis was performed using unpaired two-sided t-tests, data are mean ± s.e.m. and n represents the number of mice that were analysed.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Systemic circulating factors are not altered in early PDAC.
a–j, Circulating levels of the indicated factors in control and early KP−/−C mice. a, IL-6. n = 16 control and 14 early KP−/−C mice. ns, not significant; P = 0.45. b, TNF-α. n = 12 control and 10 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.45. c, PTHrP. n = 7 control and 8 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.94. d, Corticosterone. n = 19 control and 16 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.40. e, Amylin. n = 7 control and 6 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.91. f, IL-1β. n = 11 control and 10 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.39. g, IL-4. n = 12 control and 10 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.56. h, IFNγ. n = 12 control and 9 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.08. i, IL-10. n = 12 control and 10 early KP−/−C mice. P = 0.42. j, IL-17. n = 12 and 10 early KP−/−C mice P = 0.29. Unless otherwise indicated, statistical analysis was performed using unpaired two-sided t-tests, data are mean ± s.e.m. and n represents the number of mice that were analysed.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Decreased exocrine pancreatic function in early PDAC disease promotes adipose tissue loss.
a–d, C57BL/6J mice bearing PDAC-derived subcutaneous tumours fed a control diet or the same diet at 40% caloric restriction (CR) for 3 weeks. n = 8 per group. a, Body weight. *P < 0.0001. b, Epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) mass normalized to body weight. *P < 0.0001 for epididymal adipose tissue and *P = 0.0034 for inguinal adipose tissue. c, Skeletal muscle mass of the indicated muscle groups normalized to body weight. d, Tumour volume normalized to body weight. *P = 0.002. n = 15 tumours from 8 control mice (2 tumours per mouse; for one mouse one of the tumours did not grow) and n = 16 tumours from 8 calorie-restricted mice. e, Fed plasma glucose levels of 7-week-old male control and KP−/−C mice that were fed the indicated diets. n = 4 per group. P = 0.18. f, Tissue weights normalized to body weight in KP−/−C mice pair-fed indicated diets. n = 4 per group. *P = 0.01. ns, P = 0.53. g, h, Tumour weight normalized to body weight of KP−/−C mice that were fed the indicated diets for 1 week. g, KP−/−C mice were fed the indicated diets. n = 6 control and 7 enzyme-supplemented. P = 0.9. h, KP−/−C mice were pair-fed the indicated diets. n = 4 per group. P = 0.26. i, Representative histology of H&E-stained autochthonous pancreatic tumours of KP−/−C mice that were fed the indicated diets. n = 4 per group. Unless otherwise indicated, statistical analysis was performed using unpaired two-sided t-tests, data are mean ± s.e.m. and n represents the number of mice that were analysed.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Use of CT imaging to assess patient body composition and relationship between plasma BCAA levels and patient survival by study site.
a, Representative CT image used to analyse body composition. Skeletal muscle is shown in red, intramuscular adipose tissue is shown in green, visceral adipose tissue is shown in yellow and subcutaneous adipose tissue is shown in blue. b. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between plasma BCAAs and patient survival, comparing the top and bottom quartile, calculated using Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age at diagnosis (continuous), gender (male or female), race (white, non-white or unknown), year of diagnosis (2000–2005, 2006–2010 or 2011–2015), cancer stage (local, locally advanced, metastatic or unknown), BMI (continuous), diabetes history (none, ≤4 years, >4 years or unknown) and smoking status (never, past, current or unknown). The pooled hazard ratios were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. The solid squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study site-specific multivariate hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The area of the solid square reflects the study site-specific weight (inverse of the variance). The filled diamond represents the pooled hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval. The solid vertical line indicates a hazard ratio of 1.0. n = 778.
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Danai, L.V., Babic, A., Rosenthal, M.H. et al. Altered exocrine function can drive adipose wasting in early pancreatic cancer. Nature 558, 600–604 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0235-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0235-7
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