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Clinical nutrition

Estimated dietary sodium intake in peritoneal dialysis patients using food frequency questionnaires and total urinary and peritoneal sodium losses and assessment of extracellular volumes

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 73, pages 105–111 (2019)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are advised to restrict sodium intake. For best use of resources, rapid screening tools are required for dietary assessments to allow for targeting of patients. We wished to evaluate the usefulness of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) for estimating dietary sodium.

Methods

Sodium intake was estimated using the Derby Salt Questionnaire (DSQ), and Royal Free Sodium Questionnaire (RFSQ). Body composition was determined by bioimpedance.

Results

90 peritoneal dialysis patients, 52 men (57.8%), mean age 62 ± 15.8 years, were asked to complete the DSQ and RFSQ questionnaires. 88 completed one or more questionnaire, with 87 completing the DSQ and 86 the RFSQ. The median estimated dietary sodium intake 104 (72–145) mmol/day (2.39 (1.64–3.34) g sodium/day) DSQ, and 92 (60–114) mmol/day (2.11 (1.38–2.62) g sodium/day) RFSQ. Younger patients, aged ≤52 years had greater dietary sodium intake compared to those ≥76 years (RFSQ 105.4 (73–129) vs 96 (71–116) mmol/day), p < 0.05. Extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW) was greater in those with higher DSQ estimated dietary sodium intake (0.40 ± 0.01 vs 0.39 ± 0.01, p < 0.05). A multivariable model showed that increased dietary sodium intake was independently associated with increased SMM (DSQ odds ratio (OR) 1.17 (95% confidence limits 1.05–1.32, RFSQ OR 1.15 (1.04–1.27, p < 0.05) and raised ECW/TBW (DSQ OR 1.88 (1.22–2.92) p = 0.004, and ECW/height (RFSQ OR 1.42 (1.02–1.98) p = 0.04.

Conclusions

Both questionnaires were acceptable to patients, and the majority were found to be consuming more dietary sodium than recommended. Dietary sodium estimation was associated with SMM and increased ECW.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. B Caplin for statistical advice.

Funding

Royal Free Hospital and University College London.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Rifqah Indri Amalia

  2. UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, NW3 2QG, UK

    Andrew Davenport

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Correspondence to Andrew Davenport.

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Amalia, R.I., Davenport, A. Estimated dietary sodium intake in peritoneal dialysis patients using food frequency questionnaires and total urinary and peritoneal sodium losses and assessment of extracellular volumes. Eur J Clin Nutr 73, 105–111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0259-y

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