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Topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 activates expression of E2F1 and p73 in HPV-positive cells for genome amplification upon epithelial differentiation

Oncogene volume 38, pages 3274–3287 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) constitutively activate ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia- and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage repair pathways for viral genome amplification. HPVs activate these pathways through the immune regulator STAT-5. For the ATR pathway, STAT-5 increases expression of the topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 (TopBP1), a scaffold protein that binds ATR and recruits it to sites of DNA damage. TopBP1 also acts as a transcriptional regulator, and we investigated how this activity influenced the HPV life cycle. We determined that TopBP1 levels are increased in cervical intraepithelial neoplasias as well as cervical carcinomas, consistent with studies in HPV-positive cell lines. Suppression of TopBP1 by shRNAs impairs HPV genome amplification and activation of the ATR pathway but does not affect the total levels of ATR and CHK1. In contrast, knockdown reduces the expression of other DNA damage factors such as RAD51 and Mre11 but not BRCA2 or NBS1. Interestingly, TopBP1 positively regulates the expression of E2F1, a TopBP1-binding partner, and p73 in HPV-positive cells in contrast to its effects in other cell types. TopBP1 transcriptional activity is regulated by AKT, and treatment with AKT inhibitors suppresses expression of E2F1 and p73 without interfering with ATR signaling. Importantly, the levels of p73 are elevated in HPV-positive cells and its knockdown impairs HPV genome amplification. This demonstrates that p73, like p63 and p53, is an important regulator of the HPV life cycle that is controlled by the transcriptional activating properties of the multifunctional TopBP1 protein.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the members of Laimins Lab for their help and comments.

Funding

This work is supported by grants from NCI (CA059655 and CA142861) to L.A.L., ACS grant IRG-15-173-21 to S.H., and National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 81702552) to J.X.

Author contributions

L.A.L.: concepts, experimental design, data interpretation, and writing of manuscript. S.H.: concepts, perform experiments, experimental design, data acquisition, analysis, and writing of manuscript. J.A., Y.L.: data analysis. J.X., P.H., P.K.: perform experiments and data acquisition.

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  1. Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

    Shiyuan Hong, Paul Hoover, Paul J. Kaminski & Laimonis A. Laimins

  2. Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China

    Junfen Xu

  3. Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Yan Li & Jorge Andrade

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  1. Shiyuan Hong
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Hong, S., Xu, J., Li, Y. et al. Topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 activates expression of E2F1 and p73 in HPV-positive cells for genome amplification upon epithelial differentiation. Oncogene 38, 3274–3287 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-018-0633-1

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