Localization optoacoustic tomography provides superresolution imaging capability in 3D beyond the acoustic diffraction limit, which can be crucial for mapping microcirculation in cancers, brain functions, peripheral vascular diseases, etc.
Optoacoustic (also referred to as photoacoustic) tomography (OAT) has been gaining popularity for preclinical and clinical imaging during the past couple of decades1. OAT breaks the long-standing shallow imaging depth limitation of conventional optical imaging by forming an image using the optoacoustic (OA) effect. Through advances in ultrasound imaging technologies, OAT provides rich optical contrast while achieving high spatial resolution deep inside living subjects (up to several centimeters). Thanks to these hybrid technologies, the use of preclinical OAT to study cancer physiopathology, neural physiology, drug delivery, vascular diseases, etc., has spread globally to many laboratories. More importantly, the applications of OAT have been extended to include many clinical trials, such as early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of cancers, imaging of the bowel for diseases, human neuroimaging for diagnosing neurological defects, imaging of peripheral arteries and veins for detecting vascular disease, and intravascular imaging for characterizing plaque.
OAT is mainly implemented in two domains: the optical ballistic regime (<~1 mm in biological tissues) and the optical diffusive regime (>~1 mm in biological tissues). In the optical ballistic regime, the lateral resolution of OA imaging is determined by the tight optical focus, and the technology is referred to as optical-resolution OA microscopy (OAM). In the optical diffusive regime, the resolution is determined by the acoustic focus and/or ultrasound parameters, and this technology is referred to as acoustic-resolution OAT. The resolutions of OAT in both regimes are limited by either the optical or acoustic diffraction limit. Recently, several attempts were made by multiple researchers to exceed these diffraction limits to achieve superresolution imaging. In the optical ballistic domain, Lihong’s group explored subdiffraction OAM using either nonlinear optical saturation or photobleaching effects2, 3. In addition, Lee et al. developed superresolution photoactivated atomic force microscopy and improved the resolution to ~8 nm4. In the optical diffusive domain, Thomas et al. demonstrated superresolution OAT beyond the acoustic diffraction limit by either probing the fluctuations of OA signals with dynamic optical speckle excitation or detecting the fluctuating OA signals from flowing optical absorbers5, 6. Furthermore, Donald et al. applied a wavefront-shaping technology to squeeze the spatial resolution of OAT to smaller than the acoustic diffraction limit 7.
Compared to the previous results, LuÃs et al. applied the localization imaging approach to OAT to enhance the visualization of flowing particles that are embedded in an optical scattering medium in 3D and referred to this approach as localization optoacoustic tomography (LOT). In LOT, multiple OA images are obtained at the same location using a portable volumetric OAT system that is equipped with a spherical array probe (Fig. 1a)8. Then, the OA images are superimposed after filtering each image to obtain local maximum pixels (bright dots in Fig. 1b) that correspond to the particle’s OA signals. In the final superimposed image, the OA signals overlap and the final LOT image shows the path of the moving particle in 3D (Fig. 1c). Compared to the conventional OA images, the blurring effect of the point spread function disappears in the LOT images since only the locations of the point sources are used for localization of the signals. For high-resolution imaging of vasculatures, injection of exogenous agents into the blood stream is required. Table 1 compares the mechanisms and performances from previous reports with those of LOT.
LOT is suitable for imaging any structure with the flow of optical absorbers. For biomedical applications, imaging of vascular structures with high resolution is very attractive for studying cancers, brain activities, peripheral vascular diseases, etc.
References
Wang, L. V. & Hu, S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science 335, 1458–1462 (2012).
Danielli, A. et al. Label-free photoacoustic nanoscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 19, 086006 (2014).
Yao, J. J., Wang, L. D., Li, C. Y., Zhang, C. & Wang, L. V. Photoimprint photoacoustic microscopy for three-dimensional label-free subdiffraction imaging. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 014302 (2014).
Lee, S. et al. Super-resolution visible photoactivated atomic force microscopy. Light Sci. Appl. 6, e17080 (2017).
Chaigne, T. et al. Super-resolution photoacoustic fluctuation imaging with multiple speckle illumination. Optica 3, 54–57 (2016).
Chaigne, T., Arnal, B., Vilov, S., Bossy, E. & Katz, O. Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging via flow-induced absorption fluctuations. Optica 4, 1397–1404 (2017).
Conkey, D. B. et al. Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging through a scattering wall. Nat. Commun. 6, 7902 (2015).
Deán-Ben, X. L. & Razansky, D. Localization optoacoustic tomography. Light Sci. Appl. 7, 18004 (2018).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ICT Consilience Creative program (IITP-2018-2011-1-00783) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion), the grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project (HI15C1817) through the KHIDI (Korea Health Industry Development Institute), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea, the NRF (National Research Foundation) grant (2011-0030075) funded by MSIT, Republic of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Chulhong Kim has a financial interest in OPTICHO, which did not support this work.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, C. Beyond the acoustic diffraction limit: superresolution localization optoacoustic tomography (LOT). Light Sci Appl 7, 19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0029-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0029-6
This article is cited by
-
A high-precision multi-dimensional microspectroscopic technique for morphological and properties analysis of cancer cell
Light: Science & Applications (2023)
-
Multi-scale optoacoustic molecular imaging of brain diseases
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (2021)