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Metal concentrations in pregnant women and neonates from informal electronic waste recycling

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 29, pages 406–415 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Electronic waste (e-waste) is the fastest growing solid waste stream worldwide and mostly ends up in developing countries where residents use primitive methods for recycling. The most infamous e-waste recycling town, Guiyu in Southeast China, has been recycling since the mid-1990s. E-waste contains several harmful chemicals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn). In 2011–12, the e-waste Recycling Exposures and Community Health (e-REACH) Study enrolled 634 pregnant women living in Guiyu and Haojiang, a control site, both in Shantou, China. The women completed a questionnaire and gave maternal blood, cord blood, and maternal urine, which were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mn. Maternal blood Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations were significantly higher in Guiyu compared to Haojiang. In Guiyu, the geometric mean of Pb concentration in maternal blood was 6.66 µg/dL (range: 1.87–27.09 µg/dL) and was 1.74-fold greater than in Haojiang (95% CI: 1.60, 1.89). In cord blood, Pb concentration was 1.53-fold higher in Guiyu (95% CI: 1.38, 1.68). In maternal urine, Cd (ratio: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.69) and Mn (ratio: 2.60, 95% CI: 2.04, 3.31) concentrations were significantly higher in Guiyu in comparison to Haojiang. In conclusion, pregnant women in Guiyu were at risk for increased exposure to heavy metals.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) grants RC4ES019755, T32ES010957, P30 ES006096, and the Project of International Cooperation and Innovation Platform in Guangdong Universities (2013gjhz0007). The authors also extend thanks to all the participants in the study.

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  1. Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Stephani Kim, Kim Dietrich, Tiina Reponen, Shuk-mei Ho, Changchun Xie & Aimin Chen

  2. Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China

    Xijin Xu, Yuling Zhang, Xiangbin Zheng & Rongju Liu

  3. Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Heidi Sucharew

  4. School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

    Xia Huo

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Kim, S., Xu, X., Zhang, Y. et al. Metal concentrations in pregnant women and neonates from informal electronic waste recycling. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 29, 406–415 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0054-9

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