Abstract
To investigate physiologic processes that contribute to observed variations in sleeping metabolic rates, sleep stage and energy expenditure were monitored simultaneously in 9 breast-fed and 6 formula-fed 4-mo-old infants. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, arm and leg movement by triaxial accelerometry, heart rate, and O2 saturation were monitored during an overnight sleep session. Behavioral observations were recorded by video tape and technologist. Sleep stages (nonrapid eye movement [NREM] and rapid eye movement [REM]) were scored by standardized criteria. Energy expenditure during sleep was measured by indirect calorimetry. Mean (SD) energy expenditures were 0.036 (0.004) and 0.041 (0.004) kcal/kg/min during NREM and REM, respectively (p<0.001). Mean sleep time, 442 (78) min, accounted for 74 (14)% of the monitoring time. No significant differences were noted between breast-fed and formula-fed infants in the percentage of time spent in sleep during monitoring. However, the mean percentage of sleeping time spent in NREM was 65.3 (4.4) (range 59-70) for breast-fed infants compared with 54.7 (5.0) (range 48-60) for formula-fed infants (p<0.01). Significant differences in the distribution between NREM and REM partially explain differences in sleeping metabolic rates of breast-fed and formula-fed infants.
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Jensen, C., Butte, N., Moon, J. et al. SLEEP STAGE AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE DIFFERENCES IN BREAST-FED AND FORMULA-FED INFANTS. Pediatr Res 27, 540 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199005000-00090
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199005000-00090