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  • Review Article
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Early detection of CKD: the benefits, limitations and effects on prognosis

Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 7, pages 446–457 (2011)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

The past decade has seen an increasing focus on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its attendant complications, which has resulted in improved understanding of their impact on health-care resources. The early detection of CKD has been facilitated by the implementation of routine reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) and by education of primary care physicians on the implications of detecting a decreased eGFR with respect to patient safety as well as to cardiovascular and renal outcomes. The goals of early CKD detection are to prevent CKD progression and associated complications, thus improving patient outcomes and reducing the impact of CKD on health-care resources. This Review examines the benefits of the early detection of CKD, and describes the limitations of current knowledge with respect to screening, early detection and treatment, as well as the unintended consequences of detection. In addition, this article highlights what is currently known about cardiovascular and renal outcomes and the effects of intervention in patients with CKD.

Key Points

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent worldwide and occurs in conjunction with cardiovascular disease and diabetes

  • CKD should be defined in terms of both estimated glomerular filtration rates and albuminuria, as each is an independent predictor of prognosis with respect to renal and cardiovascular outcomes

  • Early detection of CKD allows implementation of treatments and strategies that can influence both progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular health

  • Detection and identification of CKD facilitates avoidance of drugs and situations that may cause worsening of kidney function and acute kidney injury

  • CKD is recognized to have widely varying outcomes, which makes predicting the prognosis of individual patients difficult

  • Improved prediction of renal and other risks in patients with CKD is a focus for research

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Figure 1: Rationale for the early detection (and ideally prevention) of disease.
Figure 2: Comparison of end-stage renal disease incidence rates, 2003–2007.
Figure 3: The natural history of AKI.

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Acknowledgements

A. Levin and P. E. Stevens are co-Chairs of the Working Group for the Development of Chronic Kidney Disease Guidelines, which is sponsored by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).

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  1. Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Room 60101A, Vancouver, V6Z1Y8, BC, Canada

    Adeera Levin

  2. Kent Kidney Care Center, East Kent Hospitals University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Ethelbert Road, Canterbury, CT1 3NG, Kent, UK

    Paul E. Stevens

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  1. Adeera Levin
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Both authors contributed equally to all aspects of this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Adeera Levin.

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Levin, A., Stevens, P. Early detection of CKD: the benefits, limitations and effects on prognosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 7, 446–457 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2011.86

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