Chronic kidney disease has joined the growing list (pneumonia, myocardial infarction, hip fracture, Clostridium difficile infections, acute interstitial nephritis, hypomagnesaemia) of putative risks associated with chronic PPI use based on results from an observational epidemiological study. However, the low hazard ratio (<1.5) makes it doubtful that this association is a causal relationship.
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Acknowledgements
P.J.K. is supported by R01 DK56033 and DK 092217 from the US Public Health Service.
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P.J.K. has acted as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Ironwood and Reckitt Benkiser. L.K. declares no competing interests.
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Kia, L., Kahrilas, P. Risks associated with chronic PPI use — signal or noise?. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 13, 253–254 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.44
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.44
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