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  • Review Article
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DNA methylation profiling in the clinic: applications and challenges

Nature Reviews Genetics volume 13, pages 679–692 (2012)Cite this article

Subjects

Key Points

  • Alterations in epigenetic marks — specifically DNA methylation — are an emerging biomarker that may be used in the decision-making process for disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, most notably in cancer, but there are examples in other diseases, such as type 1 diabetes.

  • Alterations in epigenetic marks that are chosen as biomarkers must be carefully selected owing to the dynamic nature of these marks. These alterations may be detected in non-invasive tissues, such as serum, in addition to primary tissues and so may have advantages over genetic biomarkers.

  • Glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) is the best-studied example of an epigenetic biomarker for cancer diagnosis. However, additional candidates show a high potential for future clinical applications, although specificity of diagnosis is an issue, and combinatorial approaches analysing DNA methylation alterations at several genes may improve this.

  • Single-gene approaches have identified epigenetic biomarkers that predict cancer recurrence and survival. Recently, high-resolution genome-wide technologies have shown the potential to improve this strategy with DNA methylation signatures of cancers showing high predictive capacity of disease prognosis.

  • DNA methylation alterations may be used as biomarkers to predict response to chemotherapy strategies. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1) are examples of hypermethylated genes that predict a response to chemotherapy in cancer. Additional prognostic gene markers have already been identified and suggest DNA methylation profiling as a potent strategy to predict drug response.

  • Recent advances in sequencing and array technologies, which are capable of screening DNA methylomes genome-wide at high-resolution, gave unexpected novel insights in cancer biology. They will be crucial for DNA methylation profiling and the identification of epigenetic biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of drug response.

Abstract

Knowledge of epigenetic alterations in disease is rapidly increasing owing to the development of genome-wide techniques for their identification. The ever-growing number of genes that show epigenetic alterations in disease emphasizes the crucial role of these epigenetic alterations — particularly DNA methylation — for future diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of response to therapies. This Review focuses on epigenetic profiling, which has started to be of clinical value in cancer and may in the future be extended to other diseases, such as neurological and autoimmune disorders.

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Figure 1: GSTP1 and MGMT: case examples for epigenetic profiling in diagnosis and prognosis.
Figure 2: High-resolution screening of patient samples in disease diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of drug response and tumour-type identification.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are supported by the European Research Council Advanced Grant EPINORC under the agreement no. 268626, the MICINN Project–SAF2011-22803, the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) by the grant HEALTH-F5-2011-282510- BLUEPRINT, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias Grant PI08-1345, the Dr. Josef Steiner Cancer Research Foundation Award, Botin Foundation, Cellex Foundation and the Health Department of the Catalan Government (Generalitat de Catalunya). M.E. is an Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Research Professor.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Holger Heyn & Manel Esteller

  2. Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Catalonia, Spain

    Manel Esteller

  3. Instituci Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia, Spain

    Manel Esteller

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Correspondence to Manel Esteller.

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BLUEPRINT project

Computational Epigenetics

CURELUNG project

Epigenomics at UCL

International Human Epigenome Consortium

Roadmap Epigenomics Project

Glossary

CpG islands

CpG-rich regions of DNA that are often associated with the transcription start sites of genes and that are also found in gene bodies and intergenic regions.

Personalized medicine

Therapeutic decisions based on genetic and epigenetic information of individual patients

Prostate-specific antigen

(PSA). A serine protease of the kallikrein gene family that is secreted into seminal fluid by prostatic epithelial cells and is found in the serum. As it is almost exclusively a product of prostate cells, measurement in blood has proved to be useful as a tumour marker for diagnosis of prostate cancer and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

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Heyn, H., Esteller, M. DNA methylation profiling in the clinic: applications and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 13, 679–692 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3270

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