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  • Review Article
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Advances in islet encapsulation technologies

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume 16, pages 338–350 (2017)Cite this article

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A Correction to this article was published on 28 April 2017

This article has been updated

Key Points

  • The autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes combined with the response to allogeneic cell transplantation remains a formidable barrier to transplant success that currently requires the use of powerful immunosuppressive drugs.

  • Encapsulation strategies have the potential to ameliorate these responses to promote survival post-transplantation, with modifications to the biomaterial chemistry, the incorporation of biologics or cell co-transplantation being used to avoid lifelong immunosuppression.

  • Allogeneic islets are the current standard for clinical use; however, the supply of these islets is insufficient to meet the need for patients. Alternative sources such as human embryonic stem cell-derived β-cells and porcine islets have the potential to satisfy demand, although efficacy, safety and regulatory issues remain to be addressed.

  • Vascularization of the transplant site is being developed to enhance islet function post-transplantation by providing the nutrients necessary for survival, while also allowing the sensing of glucose and the distribution of insulin. Oxygen is frequently the limiting factor and oxygen delivery systems are also being developed to complement the vascularization process.

  • A small number of islet encapsulation systems have been applied clinically, all of which have demonstrated good safety profiles, although it is too early to evaluate functional outcomes.

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas. Although islet transplantation has proved to be successful for some patients with type 1 diabetes, its widespread use is limited by islet donor shortage and the requirement for lifelong immunosuppression. An encapsulation strategy that can prevent the rejection of xenogeneic islets or of stem cell-derived allogeneic islets can potentially eliminate both of these barriers. Although encapsulation technology has met several challenges, the convergence of expertise in materials, nanotechnology, stem cell biology and immunology is allowing us to get closer to the goal of encapsulated islet cell therapy for humans.

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Figure 1: Islet and β-cell transplantation systems.

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Change history

  • 28 March 2017

    In this article, the University of Edmonton was referred to instead of the University of Alberta and the article cited as reference 10 was incorrect. These errors have been corrected in the online version.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support for this work was provided by R01EB009910 (L.D.S.) and JDRF (T.D. and L.D.S.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Byers Hall Rm 203C, MC 2520, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, 94158–2330, California, USA

    Tejal Desai

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, 48109–2099, Michigan, USA

    Lonnie D. Shea

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  1. Tejal Desai
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tejal Desai.

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Competing interests

L.D.S. has financial interests in Cour Pharmaceuticals Development Co. T.D. is a scientific founder of Encellin Inc., a cell therapy device company. The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) has filed a provisional patent application on a macroencapsulation technology for cell-based therapy.

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Glossary

Type 1 diabetes

(T1D). A chronic condition of aberrant glucose homeostasis that is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin secretion resulting from atrophy of the islets of Langerhans.

β-Cells

Insulin-secreting cells of the islets of Langerhans.

Hyperglycaemia

Elevated blood glucose above normal levels.

Hypoglycaemia

Suppressed blood glucose below normal levels.

Immunosuppression

Suppression (such as, by drugs or disease) of the immune response.

Xenogeneic

Derived from, originating in or being a member of another species.

Encapsulation

To surround, encase or protect in or as if in a capsule.

Normoglycaemia

The presence of a normal concentration of glucose in the blood.

Vascularization

The formation of blood vessels.

Syngeneic

Involving, derived from, or being genetically identical or similar individuals of the same species, especially with respect to antigenic interaction.

Allogeneic

Involving, derived from or being individuals of the same species that are sufficiently genetically dissimilar to interact antigenically.

Fibrosis

A condition marked by an increase in interstitial fibrous or scar tissue.

Immunogenicity

The ability of a particular substance to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or an animal.

Hypoxia

A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body.

Self-tolerance

The failure to mount an immune response to a person's own proteins and other antigens.

Cytokines

Members of a class of immunoregulatory proteins (interleukin or interferon) that are secreted by cells especially of the immune system.

Regulatory T cells

(Treg cells). A subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune disease.

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Desai, T., Shea, L. Advances in islet encapsulation technologies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 16, 338–350 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.232

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