Abstract
Many transfection techniques can deliver biomolecules into cells, but the dose cannot be controlled precisely. Delivering well-defined amounts of materials into cells is important for various biological studies and therapeutic applications. Here, we show that nanochannel electroporation can deliver precise amounts of a variety of transfection agents into living cells. The device consists of two microchannels connected by a nanochannel. The cell to be transfected is positioned in one microchannel using optical tweezers, and the transfection agent is located in the second microchannel. Delivering a voltage pulse between the microchannels produces an intense electric field over a very small area on the cell membrane, allowing a precise amount of transfection agent to be electrophoretically driven through the nanochannel, the cell membrane and into the cell cytoplasm, without affecting cell viability. Dose control is achieved by adjusting the duration and number of pulses. The nanochannel electroporation device is expected to have high-throughput delivery applications.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to J. Byrd and N. Muthusamy for generously providing patient cancer cells, valuable discussions and comments. The authors thank the National Science Foundation (grant nos EEC-0425626 and EEC-0914790) and the National Institutes of Health (grant no. EB008247) for financially supporting this study. W.L. acknowledges the support from WCU Program by Korea National Research Foundation (NRF).
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L.J.L. proposed the concept. P.E.B. and L.J.L. conceived and designed the experiment and analysis. P.E.B. performed the NEP experiments and analysed the data, with contributions from A.M. and G.P.L. regarding the optical tweezers, X. Zhang on cell culture and viability/cytotoxicity, B.Y. on siRNA and molecular beacon NEP, X.W. and Y.W. on cell culture and GFP plasmid NEP and O.H. on DCI. W.L. designed the MEP fabrication process. B.H. and H.J. performed the MEP experiments. W-C.L. and X.H. performed the simulations. L.L., K.G. and X. Zhao performed high-throughput NEP design and experiments. P.E.B., L.J.L. and G.P.L. wrote the manuscript, with input from the other authors.
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Boukany, P., Morss, A., Liao, Wc. et al. Nanochannel electroporation delivers precise amounts of biomolecules into living cells. Nature Nanotech 6, 747–754 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.164
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.164
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