Abstract
The interaction of light with surface plasmons—collective oscillations of free electrons—in metallic nanostructures has resulted in demonstrations of enhanced optical transmission1, collimation of light through a subwavelength aperture2, negative permeability and refraction at visible wavelengths3,4, and second-harmonic generation from magnetic metamaterials5. The structures that display these plasmonic phenomena typically consist of ordered arrays of particles or holes with sizes of the order of 100 nm. However, surface plasmons can interact with each other over much longer distances, so the ability to organize nanoscale particles or holes over multiple length scales could lead to new plasmonic metamaterials with novel optical properties6. Here, we present a high-throughput nanofabrication technique—soft interference lithography—that combines the ability of interference lithography7 to produce wafer-scale nanopatterns with the versatility of soft lithography8, and use it to create such plasmonic metamaterials. Metal films perforated with quasi-infinite arrays of 100-nm holes were generated over areas greater than 10 cm2, exhibiting sharp spectral features that changed in relative amplitude and shifted to longer wavelengths when exposed to increased refractive index environments. Moreover, gold nanohole arrays patterned into microscale patches exhibited strikingly different transmission properties; for instance, patches of nanoholes displayed narrow resonances (<14.5 nm full-width-at-half-maximum) that resulted in high refractive index sensitivities far exceeding those reported previously9. Soft interference lithography was also used to produce various infinite and finite-area arrays of nanoparticles, including patterns that contained optically distinct particles side by side and arrays that contained both metallic and dielectric materials.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under NSF Award Number DMR-0632947 and the MRSEC program at the Materials Research Center under NSF Award Number DMR-0520513. This work made use of the NUANCE Center facilities, which are supported by NSF-MRSEC, NSF-NSEC and the Keck Foundation. We thank T. A. Savas and H. I. Smith for the Si masters made by interference lithography. We thank G. C. Schatz, S. K. Gray and J. McMahon for many discussions. T.W.O. is a DuPont Young Professor, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow, a Cottrell Scholar of Research Corporation, and a David and Lucile Packard Fellow.
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J.H. and M.H.L. performed the experiments. J.H., M.H.L. and T.W.O. designed the experiments, analysed the results and co-wrote the manuscript.
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Henzie, J., Lee, M. & Odom, T. Multiscale patterning of plasmonic metamaterials. Nature Nanotech 2, 549–554 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.252
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.252
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