Abstract
Notch receptor signaling is implicated in controlling smooth muscle cell proliferation and in maintaining smooth muscle cells in an undifferentiated state. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by excessive vascular resistance, smooth muscle cell proliferation in small pulmonary arteries, leading to elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure and death. Here we show that human pulmonary hypertension is characterized by overexpression of NOTCH3 in small pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and that the severity of disease in humans and rodents correlates with the amount of NOTCH3 protein in the lung. We further show that mice with homozygous deletion of Notch3 do not develop pulmonary hypertension in response to hypoxic stimulation and that pulmonary hypertension can be successfully treated in mice by administration of N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), a γ-secretase inhibitor that blocks activation of Notch3 in smooth muscle cells. We show a mechanistic link from NOTCH3 receptor signaling through the Hairy and enhancer of Split-5 (HES-5) protein to smooth muscle cell proliferation and a shift to an undifferentiated smooth muscle cell phenotype. These results suggest that the NOTCH3–HES-5 signaling pathway is crucial for the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension and provide a target pathway for therapeutic intervention.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank T. Gridley (The Jackson Laboratory) for providing the Notch3-knockout mice strain used in this study. This work was supported by a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (2R01HL70852 to P.A.T.).
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X.L. and P.A.T. designed the research. X.L., X.Z., R.L., A.M., C.H., P.P. and J.M. performed the experiments. J.X.-J.Y. and S.W.J. assisted with data analysis and review of the manuscript. X.L., X.Z. and P.A.T. prepared the figures. P.A.T. wrote the manuscript.
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Supplementary Figs. 1–5, Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Methods (PDF 606 kb)
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Li, X., Zhang, X., Leathers, R. et al. Notch3 signaling promotes the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nat Med 15, 1289–1297 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2021
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