1. 1.

   Thorbecke, G.J. et al. Involvement of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta during induction of collagen type II arthritis in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7375–7379 (1992).

   • • Google Scholar
2. 2.

   Williams, R.O., Feldmann, M. & Maini, R.N. Anti-tumor necrosis factor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9784–9788 ( 1992).

   • • Google Scholar
3. 3.

   Williams, R.O., Ghrayeb, J., Feldmann, M. & Maini, R.N. Successful therapy of collagen-induced arthritis with TNF receptor–IgG fusion protein and combination with anti-CD4. Immunology 84, 433–439 (1995).

   • • Google Scholar
4. 4.

   Neurath, M.F. et al. Predominant pathogenic role of tumor necrosis factor in experimental colitis in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 1743 –1750 (1997).

   • • Google Scholar
5. 5.

   Elliott, M.J. et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with chimeric monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 1681–1690 (1993).

   • • Google Scholar
6. 6.

   Moreland, L.W. et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 141–147 ( 1997).

   • • Google Scholar
7. 7.

   Targan, S.R. et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohńs disease. Crohńs Disease cA2 Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1029 –1035 (1997).

   • • Google Scholar
8. 8.

   Elliott, M.J. et al. Repeated therapy with monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344, 1125–1127 ( 1994).

   • • Google Scholar
9. 9.

   Sette, A. et al. Structural characteristics of an antigen required for its interaction with Ia and recognition by T cells. Nature 328, 395–399 (1987).

   • • Google Scholar
10. 10.

    Shastri, N., Gammon, G., Horvath, S., Miller, A. & Sercarz, E.E. The choice between two distinct T cell determinants within a 23-amino acid region of lysozyme depends on their structural context. J. Immunol. 137, 911–915 (1986).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Google Scholar
11. 11.

    Ruff, M.R. & Gifford, G.E. Purification and physico-chemical characterization of rabbit tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 125, 1671–1677 (1980).

    • • Google Scholar
12. 12.

    Nemazee, D.A. & Burki, K. Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes. Nature 337, 562–566 ( 1989).

    • • Google Scholar
13. 13.

    Goodnow, C.C. et al. Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature 334, 676–682 (1988).

    • • Google Scholar
14. 14.

    Dalum, I., Jensen, M.R., Hindersson, P., Elsner, H.I. & Mouritsen, S. Breaking of B cell tolerance toward a highly conserved self protein. J. Immunol. 157, 4796–4804 (1996).

    • • Google Scholar
15. 15.

    Dalum, I. et al. Induction of cross-reactive antibodies against a self protein by immunization with a modified self protein containing a foreign T helper epitope. Mol. Immunol 34, 1113– 1120 (1997).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Article
      • Google Scholar
16. 16.

    Eck, M.J. & Sprang, S.R. The structure of tumor necrosis factor-alpha at 2.6 A resolution. Implications for receptor binding. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17595–17605 (1989).

    • • Google Scholar
17. 17.

    Bloom, J.W. Bettencourt, J.D. & Mitra, G. Epitope mapping and functional analysis of three murine IgG1 monoclonal antibodies to human tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Immunol. 151, 2707–2716 (1993).

    • • Google Scholar
18. 18.

    Cerami, A., Ikeda, Y., Le Trang, N., Hotez, P.J., & Beutler, B. Weight loss associated with an endotoxin-induced mediator from peritoneal macrophages: the role of cachectin (tumor necrosis factor). Immunol. Lett. 11, 173– 177 (1985).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Article
      • Google Scholar
19. 19.

    Staines, N.A. & Wooley, P.H. Collagen arthritis—what can it teach us? Br. J. Rheumatol. 33, 798– 807 (1994).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Article
      • Google Scholar
20. 20.

    Lehmann, P.V., Forsthuber, T., Miller, A. & Sercarz, E.E. Spreading of T-cell autoimmunity to cryptic determinants of an autoantigen. Nature 358, 155–157 (1992).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Article
      • Google Scholar
21. 21.

    Pasparakis, M., Alexopoulou, L., Episkopou, V. & Kollias, G. Immune and inflammatory responses in TNF alpha-deficient mice: a critical requirement for TNF alpha in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1397–1411 (1996).

    • • Google Scholar
22. 22.

    Rothe, J. et al. Mice lacking the tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 are resistant to TNF-mediated toxicity but highly susceptible to infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 364, 798–802 (1993).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Article
      • Google Scholar
23. 23.

    Erickson, S.L. et al. Decreased sensitivity to tumour-necrosis factor but normal T-cell development in TNF receptor-2-deficient mice. Nature 372, 560–563 (1994).

    • • Google Scholar
24. 24.

    Panina-Bordignon, P. et al. Universally immunogenic T cell epitopes: promiscuous binding to human MHC class II and promiscuous recognition by T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 2237–2242 (1989).

    • • Google Scholar
25. 25.

    Williams, R.O., Williams, D.G. & Maini, R.N. Anti-type II collagen ELISA. Increased disease specificity following removal of anionic contaminants from salt-fractionated type II collagen. J. Immunol. Methods 147, 93– 100 (1992).

    • • CAS
      • PubMed
      • Google Scholar

Download references