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Structural insights into inhibition of lipid I production in bacterial cell wall synthesis

Nature volume 533, pages 557–560 (2016)Cite this article

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Abstract

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection is a serious threat to public health. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis is a well-established target for antibiotic development. MraY (phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase) catalyses the first and an essential membrane step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. It is considered a very promising target for the development of new antibiotics, as many naturally occurring nucleoside inhibitors with antibacterial activity target this enzyme1,2,3,4. However, antibiotics targeting MraY have not been developed for clinical use, mainly owing to a lack of structural insight into inhibition of this enzyme. Here we present the crystal structure of MraY from Aquifex aeolicus (MraYAA) in complex with its naturally occurring inhibitor, muraymycin D2 (MD2). We show that after binding MD2, MraYAA undergoes remarkably large conformational rearrangements near the active site, which lead to the formation of a nucleoside-binding pocket and a peptide-binding site. MD2 binds the nucleoside-binding pocket like a two-pronged plug inserting into a socket. Further interactions it makes in the adjacent peptide-binding site anchor MD2 to and enhance its affinity for MraYAA. Surprisingly, MD2 does not interact with three acidic residues or the Mg2+ cofactor required for catalysis, suggesting that MD2 binds to MraYAA in a manner that overlaps with, but is distinct from, its natural substrate, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. We have determined the principles of MD2 binding to MraYAA, including how it avoids the need for pyrophosphate and sugar moieties, which are essential features for substrate binding. The conformational plasticity of MraY could be the reason that it is the target of many structurally distinct inhibitors. These findings can inform the design of new inhibitors targeting MraY as well as its paralogues, WecA and TarO.

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Figure 1: The natural product MD2 binds to and inhibits MraYAA.
Figure 2: MD2 binds to a conserved site in MraYAA.
Figure 3: Conformational rearrangement of MraYAA upon MD2 binding.
Figure 4: Dissection of the interactions between MD2 and MraYAA elucidates the chemical logic of MraYAA inhibition.

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Protein Data Bank

Data deposits

Atomic coordinates and structure factors for the reported crystal structure are deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession code 5CKR.

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Acknowledgements

Data for this study were collected at beamlines NE-CAT 24-ID-C and SER-CAT 22-ID-D and at the Advanced Photon Source. We thank K. Yokoyama for advice and guidance throughout the project and Z. Johnson for manuscript reading. Initial X-ray screening of crystals was performed at the Duke macromolecular crystallography facility. This work was supported by NIH R01 GM100984 (S.-Y.L.) and Duke startup funds (S.-Y.L.). This work was also supported by the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas ‘Chemical Biology of Natural Products’ (S.I., grant number 24102502) and Scientific Research (B) (S.I., grant number 25293026).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ben C. Chung and Ellene H. Mashalidis: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, 27710, North Carolina, USA

    Ben C. Chung, Ellene H. Mashalidis & Seok-Yong Lee

  2. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nihi-6, Kita-ku, 060-0812, Sapporo, Japan

    Tetsuya Tanino, Akira Matsuda & Satoshi Ichikawa

  3. Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA

    Mijung Kim & Jiyong Hong

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Contributions

B.C.C. solved the structure and performed some of ITC experiments and E.H.M. carried out the enzymatic assays and performed most of ITC experiments, both under the guidance of S.-Y.L. T.T. carried out chemical synthesis of MD2 under the guidance of S.I. and A.M. M.K. synthesized 5-aminoribosyl-3-deoxyuridine under the guidance of J.H. S.-Y.L., E.H.M. and B.C.C. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seok-Yong Lee.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 MraY catalyses the formation of lipid I and binds MD2.

a, Scheme of the reaction catalysed by MraY. The U-labelled blue hexagon represents uridine and the M-labelled orange hexagon represents MurNAc. The phosphates associated with the lipid carrier C55-P are shown as red circles, and the phosphates from the substrate, UM5A, are shown as yellow circles. b, Chemical structures of the substrate, UM5A (top) and the inhibitor MD2 (bottom). c, Michaelis–Menten kinetic characterization of MraYAA translocase activity. The reaction monitored is the MraYAA-catalysed transfer of [14C]phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide from [14C]UM5A to C55-P, forming [14C]lipid I. The enzymatic parameters measured are as follows: Km = 190 ± 60 μM, kcat = 20 ± 2 min−1, kcat/Km = 0.11 ± 0.3 μM−1 min−1. Data are mean and s.e.m. of three technical replicates. d, MD2 (green) in complex with MraYAA. The distances between MD2 and the three catalytic acidic residues Asp117, Asp118 and Asp265 (magenta) are all greater than 4.5 Å.

Source data

Extended Data Figure 2 Conformational changes of the TM9b and loop E region of MraYAA upon MD2 binding.

a, Zoomed-in view of TM9b (yellow) and loop E (salmon) of apoMraYAA, viewed from within the membrane. b, TM9b and loop E of MD2-bound MraYAA viewed from within the membrane. MD2 is omitted to illustrate the conformational change of TM9b and loop E associated with MD2 binding. Conserved amino acid residues and their interactions are shown in stick representation as dotted lines, respectively. c, 45° rotated view of a about a horizontal axis. d, 45° rotated view of b about a horizontal axis, including the model of MD2 (green). The rotation of TM9b and rearrangement of loop E, including the HHH motif, allows for MD2 binding, especially its peptidic moiety.

Extended Data Figure 3 Quality of electron density map surrounding MD2.

a, Stereo view of 2Fo − Fc electron density map at 1σ for TM9b and loop E. b, Stereo view of 2Fo− Fc electron density map at 1σ for the MD2 binding pocket. The electron density peaks corresponding to MD2 are carved for clarity and all transmembrane helices are coloured as in Fig. 3.

Extended Data Figure 4 Conformational changes in MraYAA that create binding pockets for the uridine and 5-aminoribosyl groups of MD2.

a, A close-up view of apoMraYAA with key residues that participate in conformational changes upon MD2 binding shown as sticks in various colours. b, A close-up view of the nucleoside-binding pocket in the MraYAA–MD2 complex with MD2 omitted. Key residues are coloured as in a. c, A close-up view of the interactions MD2 (green) makes with the nucleoside-binding pocket of MraYAA. Interactions between MraYAA and MD2 are shown as dotted lines. It is noteworthy that residues interacting with the uridine moiety of MD2 move large distances (5–17 Å for residues Lys70, Asp196, Asn255 and Phe262), while the residues binding the 5-aminoribosyl group of MD2 (Thr75, Asn190 and Asp193) do not make large side-chain movements after MD2 binding. The uridine and 5-amino ribosyl groups of MD2 are circled. d, Interactions between the uracil base of MD2 (green) and the nucleoside-binding pocket of MraYAA. The uracil base forms H-bonds with side chains of Asn255, Asp196 and Lys70 and forms a π–π interaction with Phe262. d, The 5-aminoribosyl group of MD2 forms H-bond interactions with side chains of Thr75, Asn190 and Asp193, and the backbone amide of Gly264.

Extended Data Figure 5 Specific activity of wild-type and mutant MraYAA in the presence and absence of MD2.

a, Normalized specific activity of wild-type (WT) MraYAA and enzymatically active mutants with and without MD2 treatment. Wild-type MraYAA or mutant MraYAA was added to the reaction mixture to a final concentration that enabled product detection within the enzymatic linear range: 50 nM (WT), 500 nM (Lys70Ala), 400 nM (Thr75Ala), 350 nM (Asp193Asn), 250 nM (Asn255Ala), 200 nM (Phe262Ala), 50 nM (Phe262Trp), 400 nM (Gln305Ala), and 500 nM (His325Ala). Each reaction was carried out in the presence of either 0 μM, 0.3 μM or 1 μM MD2. Data are shown for three technical replicates ± s.e.m. Specific activity measurements for each mutant were normalized relative to that without added MD2. b, Specific activity of wild-type MraYAA and enzymatically inactive mutants. MraYAA Asn190Ala, Asp193Ala, Asp196Ala and Asp196Asn were each added to a final concentration of 500 nM, while wild-type MraYAA was present at 50 nM. All enzymatic reactions were conducted with a radiochemical assay monitoring the transfer of [14C]phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide from [14C]UM5A to C55-P, forming [14C]lipid I. The radiolabelled product, [14C]lipid I, was quantified using a liquid scintillation counting method (d.p.m.). Specific activity was calculated by determining moles of [14C]lipid I formed, divided by the reaction time and the quantity of enzyme added. Three technical replicates are shown with the mean value indicated by a line.

Source data

Extended Data Figure 6 Representative ITC raw data and binding isotherms for MD2 interacting with mutant MraYAA.

All titrations were performed in triplicate (technical replicates); see source data for all titrations. Representative data are shown. For MraYAA mutants Lys70Ala, Thr75Ala, Asp193Asn, Asn255Ala, Phe262Trp and His325Ala, 210 μM MD2 was titrated into 30 μM enzyme. For MraYAA Gln305Ala, 315–430 μM MD2 was titrated into 25–27 μM enzyme. For MraYAA Phe262Ala, 80–110 μM MD2 was titrated into 7–10.5 μM enzyme. Mean thermodynamic parameters for triplicate titrations are shown in the Extended Data Table 2. Mean Kd values for each triplicate are as follows: 63.9 ± 4.7 nM for Lys70Ala; 27.4 ± 1.5 nM for Thr75Ala; Kd not determined for Asp193Asn; 29.7 ± 0.8 nM for Asn255Ala; 228 ± 4 nM for Phe262Ala; 68.4 ± 0.9 nM for Phe262Trp; 117 ± 10 nM for Gln305Ala; 24.4 ± 0.4 nM for His325Ala.

Extended Data Table 1 Data collection and refinement statistics
Full size table
Extended Data Table 2 Equilibrium dissociation constants and binding parameters demonstrating the effect of mutation in MraYAA on MD2 binding
Full size table

Supplementary information

Supplementary Data

This file contains Source Data for Extended Data Table 2. (XLSX 205 kb)

The conformational changes MraYAA undergoes upon binding its inhibitor, muraymycin D2 (MD2).

MD2 is shown in cyan sticks. Residues interacting with substructures of MD2 are colored as follows: uridine (red), 5-amino ribose (blue), peptidic sidechain (yellow). (MP4 3088 kb)

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Chung, B., Mashalidis, E., Tanino, T. et al. Structural insights into inhibition of lipid I production in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Nature 533, 557–560 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17636

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