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An ancient recipe for flood-basalt genesis

Nature volume 476, pages 316–319 (2011)Cite this article

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Abstract

Large outpourings of basaltic lava have punctuated geological time, but the mechanisms responsible for the generation of such extraordinary volumes of melt are not well known1. Recent geochemical evidence suggests that an early-formed reservoir may have survived in the Earth’s mantle for about 4.5 billion years (ref. 2), and melts of this reservoir contributed to the flood basalt emplaced on Baffin Island about 60 million years ago3,4,5. However, the volume of this ancient mantle domain and whether it has contributed to other flood basalts is not known. Here we show that basalts from the largest volcanic event in geologic history—the Ontong Java plateau1,6,7—also exhibit the isotopic and trace element signatures proposed for the early-Earth reservoir2. Together with the Ontong Java plateau, we suggest that six of the largest volcanic events that erupted in the past 250 million years derive from the oldest terrestrial mantle reservoir. The association of these large volcanic events with an ancient primitive mantle source suggests that its unique geochemical characteristics—it is both hotter (it has greater abundances of the radioactive heat-producing elements) and more fertile than depleted mantle reservoirs—may strongly affect the generation of flood basalts.

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Figure 1: Lavas from LIPs that have Nd isotopic compositions within the range expected for a non-chondritic primitive mantle exhibit Pb isotopic compositions that plot near the geochron.
Figure 2: Primitive mantle 13 normalized trace-element patterns of OJP lavas compared to high 3 He/ 4 He lavas from BIWG.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Day, S. Hart, N. Shimizu, S. Shirey, J. Mahoney and M. Kurz for discussions and B. Hanan and G. Fitton for their detailed review comments. M.J. acknowledges Boston University start-up funds and the Ocean Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation that supported this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA

    Matthew G. Jackson

  2. Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA

    Richard W. Carlson

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M.J. and R.C. contributed equally to the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Matthew G. Jackson.

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Jackson, M., Carlson, R. An ancient recipe for flood-basalt genesis. Nature 476, 316–319 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10326

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