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Carbon nanotubes as nanoscale mass conveyors

Nature volume 428, pages 924–927 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

The development of manipulation tools that are not too ‘fat’ or too ‘sticky’ for atomic scale assembly is an important challenge facing nanotechnology1. Impressive nanofabrication capabilities have been demonstrated with scanning probe manipulation of atoms2,3,4,5 and molecules4,6 on clean surfaces. However, as fabrication tools, both scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes suffer from a loading deficiency: although they can manipulate atoms already present, they cannot efficiently deliver atoms to the work area. Carbon nanotubes, with their hollow cores and large aspect ratios, have been suggested7,8 as possible conduits for nanoscale amounts of material. Already much effort has been devoted to the filling of nanotubes8,9,10,11 and the application of such techniques12,13. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes have been used as probes in scanning probe microscopy14,15,16. If the atomic placement and manipulation capability already demonstrated by scanning probe microscopy could be combined with a nanotube delivery system, a formidable nanoassembly tool would result. Here we report the achievement of controllable, reversible atomic scale mass transport along carbon nanotubes, using indium metal as the prototype transport species. This transport process has similarities to conventional electromigration, a phenomenon of critical importance to the semiconductor industry17,18.

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Figure 1: Four TEM video images, spaced by one-minute increments, showing left-to-right indium transport on a single MWNT.
Figure 2: Time series of three TEM video images showing reversible indium transport over a distance of more than 2 µm.
Figure 3: Controllable, reversible indium transport.
Figure 4: Reservoir-to-reservoir transport at constant applied power.

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Acknowledgements

We thank K. Jensen and S. Rochester for assistance with graphics. This research was supported in part by the US Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, USA, California, 94720

    B. C. Regan, S. Aloni & A. Zettl

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    R. O. Ritchie

  3. Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    B. C. Regan, S. Aloni, R. O. Ritchie, U. Dahmen & A. Zettl

  4. National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    U. Dahmen

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  1. B. C. Regan
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Correspondence to A. Zettl.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Movie

This shows the mass transport process as observed in the transmission electron microscope. Driving an electrical current through the nanotube induces indium transport from particle to particle. (MP4 1501 kb)

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Regan, B., Aloni, S., Ritchie, R. et al. Carbon nanotubes as nanoscale mass conveyors. Nature 428, 924–927 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02496

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