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Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells

Nature Reviews Materials volume 3, Article number: 18017 (2018) Cite this article

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Abstract

Perovskite materials use earth-abundant elements, have low formation energies for deposition and are compatible with roll-to-roll and other high-volume manufacturing techniques. These features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suitable for terawatt-scale energy production with low production costs and low capital expenditure. Demonstrations of performance comparable to that of other thin-film photovoltaics (PVs) and improvements in laboratory-scale cell stability have recently made scale up of this PV technology an intense area of research focus. Here, we review recent progress and challenges in scaling up PSCs and related efforts to enable the terawatt-scale manufacturing and deployment of this PV technology. We discuss common device and module architectures, scalable deposition methods and progress in the scalable deposition of perovskite and charge-transport layers. We also provide an overview of device and module stability, module-level characterization techniques and techno-economic analyses of perovskite PV modules.

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Figure 1: Efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
Figure 2: Perovskite solar cell and module architectures.
Figure 3: Common scalable solution deposition methods for the roll-to-roll fabrication of perovskite solar cells.
Figure 4: Strategies to control nucleation and film formation for scaling up perovskite absorber layers.
Figure 5: Expanding processing windows, pulsed-light annealing and post-growth treatments for the fabrication of perovskite thin films.
Figure 6: Stability of perovskite solar cells and modules.
Figure 7: Typical characterization techniques suitable for large-area solar cells and modules.

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with Alliance for Sustainable Energy, Limited Liability Company (LLC), the Manager and Operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The authors acknowledge support from the hybrid perovskite solar cell programme of the National Center for Photovoltaics, funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office. T.R.K. and D.H.K. acknowledge support from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) programme.

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  1. Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,

    Zhen Li, Dong Hoe Kim, Mengjin Yang & Kai Zhu

  2. Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA

    Talysa R. Klein, Joseph J. Berry & Maikel F. A. M. van Hest

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Z.L. and K.Z. researched data for the article. Z.L., K.Z. and J.J.B. wrote the article. All authors made a substantial contribution to the discussion of the content and reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.

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Li, Z., Klein, T., Kim, D. et al. Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. Nat Rev Mater 3, 18017 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2018.17

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