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  • Review Article
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Neural recording and modulation technologies

Nature Reviews Materials volume 2, Article number: 16093 (2017) Cite this article

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Abstract

In the mammalian nervous system, billions of neurons connected by quadrillions of synapses exchange electrical, chemical and mechanical signals. Disruptions to this network manifest as neurological or psychiatric conditions. Despite decades of neuroscience research, our ability to treat or even to understand these conditions is limited by the capability of tools to probe the signalling complexity of the nervous system. Although orders of magnitude smaller and computationally faster than neurons, conventional substrate-bound electronics do not recapitulate the chemical and mechanical properties of neural tissue. This mismatch results in a foreign-body response and the encapsulation of devices by glial scars, suggesting that the design of an interface between the nervous system and a synthetic sensor requires additional materials innovation. Advances in genetic tools for manipulating neural activity have fuelled the demand for devices that are capable of simultaneously recording and controlling individual neurons at unprecedented scales. Recently, flexible organic electronics and bio- and nanomaterials have been developed for multifunctional and minimally invasive probes for long-term interaction with the nervous system. In this Review, we discuss the design lessons from the quarter-century-old field of neural engineering, highlight recent materials-driven progress in neural probes and look at emergent directions inspired by the principles of neural transduction.

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Figure 1: Clinical impact of the diseases and injuries of the nervous system and physiological guidelines for designing neural interfaces.
Figure 2: Historical view of neural interface research.
Figure 3: Mechanisms of neural-probe failure.
Figure 4: Examples of approaches intended to overcome the foreign-body response and increase the resolution of neural interfaces.
Figure 5: Probes for bidirectional communication with neural circuits.
Figure 6: Tissue penetration by optical, ultrasonic and magnetic signals.
Figure 7: Micro- and nanoprobes for intracellular recordings.
Figure 8: Nanomaterials as local transducers of external stimuli.

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Acknowledgements

P.A. is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through a CAREER Award, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, National Institutes for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Mental Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Dresselhaus Fund Award, and the Bose Research Grant.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02193, Massachusetts, USA

    Ritchie Chen, Andres Canales & Polina Anikeeva

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Chen, R., Canales, A. & Anikeeva, P. Neural recording and modulation technologies. Nat Rev Mater 2, 16093 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.93

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