Abstract
CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is consistently expressed by tumor cells of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). CD30 stimulation induces massive caspase-dependent cell death of ALCL cells in case of canonical NFκB inhibition or proteasome inhibition. However, CD30, a TNFR lacking a death domain (DD), is unable to recruit a death inducing complex containing TRADD (TNFR1-associated DD-protein) or FADD (FAS-associated DD-domain protein) together with the receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and caspase-8. Thus, the mechanism explaining CD30-induced cell death of lymphocytes remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that blockage of RIP1 by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of RIP1 by Necrostatin-1 almost completely prevented CD30-induced cell death. In addition, we revealed CD30-induced accumulation of RIP1 at the cytoplasma membrane of NFκB-inhibited ALCL cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Finally, primary ALCL cases can be subdivided into two groups based on the presence or absence of RIP1 as revealed by immunohistology. Taken together, our study identified RIP1 as a crucial mediator of CD30-induced cell death that bears features of apoptosis as well as necroptosis. RIP1 expression in ALCL tumor cells might eligible for the therapeutic application of CD30 antibodies in combination with NFκB/proteasome inhibitors that should result in CD30-induced cell death.
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Main
CD30 belongs to the superfamily of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) and is predominantly expressed by tumor cells (Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells (HRS)) of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and those of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). In normal tissue, CD30 expression is restricted to a subset of activated T and B cells.1 This selective and restricted expression strongly recommends CD30 as a therapeutic target.2 To this end, the knowledge of CD30-driven effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms are mandatory. Comprehensive molecular analysis revealed that CD30 stimulation of ALCL cells mediates dramatic changes of mRNA and protein expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest without induction of cell death.3, 4 Interestingly, a different pathway of CD30 signaling, ie, induction of massive cell death, becomes apparent under the condition of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) inhibition by means of stable transfection with a dominant-negative NFκB inhibitor (IκBαΔN)4 or proteasome inhibition.5 CD30-induced cell death of lymphocytes was further reported to occur under serum reduction, which was attributed to autocrine TNF.6 Of note, an involvement of autocrine TNF in terms of CD30-induced cell death under NFκB-inhibited condition is not established.
Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is a death homology domain (DD)-containing serine/threonine kinase. RIP1 participates in the signaling complexes that assemble upon activation of cell surface receptors, such as TLR3, TLR4, TNFR1, TRAILR, CD95/Fas, and CD40.7, 8, 9 Except TLR3, TLR4, and CD40, the numerated receptors belong to the subgroup of death receptors (DRs) carrying a DD.10, 11, 12 RIP1 is crucial for all three discriminable cell fates following TNFR1 stimulation: (i) NFκB-promoted survival, (ii) apoptosis, or (iii) programmed necrosis (necroptosis).13, 14 Necroptosis refers to a regulated form of necrosis,15 and is biochemically defined as a form of presumably caspase-independent, RIP1-dependent cell death.16 The kinase activity of RIP1 is specifically important for the regulation of necroptosis and inhibited by Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1).17 Upon ligand binding, TNFR1 trimers undergo conformational changes that allow the cytoplasmic portions of receptors to recruit multiple proteins, including TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD), cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1), cIAP2, TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), TRAF5, and RIP1. This DD-associated, membrane-proximal structure has been named complex I.10 TRAF2 stabilizes cIAP1 and cIAP2 by preventing their polyubiquitylation. cIAP1/2 represent E3 ubiquitin ligases of RIP1.18, 19 The site of ubiquitin addition determines the mode of RIP1 action. K63-linked ubiquitin chains are conjugated by IAPs and convey RIP1 to a scaffold molecule at the TNF receptor complex. Subsequently, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), TAK1-binding protein 2 (TAB2), and TAB3 are bound to this membrane associated complex (complex 1) that mediates NFκB and MAPK activation, followed by the expression of prosurvival genes.13, 14 Further, it is well documented that RIP1 represents an integral component of the TNFR-uncoupled cytoplasmic apoptosis-inducing signaling complex.10, 20
Although, CD30 does not belong to DD-carrying TNFRs, we and others demonstrated that CD30 stimulation induces cell death under NFκB-inhibited condition4, 5 that is inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk.4 Here, we uncovered the intracellular mechanisms of CD30-mediated cell death and identified RIP1 as the molecular link between CD30 and cell death induction. These findings might be valuable for NFκB-associated CD30-targeted therapies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell Lines
The cell lines DEL, SUPM2, SU-DHL1, SR 786, Karpas 299 (ALCL), and HeLa (carcinoma of the cervix uteri) were obtained from the German Resource Center for Biological Material (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany). The ALCL cell lines JB6, Mac-1, and FEPD were generous gifts from Dr M.E. Kadin (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA) and Dr K. Pulford (John Radcliff Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), respectively. Comparative experiments were performed with the constitutively NFκB-inhibited cell line IκBαΔN-Karpas 299 (abbreviated ΔN-Karpas 299) that was stable transfected with the dominant-negative NFκB inhibitor IκBαΔN.4 Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 (PAA, Pasching, Austria) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (PAA) and 4 mM glutamine at 5% (v/v) CO2 and 37 °C. The generation of constitutively NFκB-inhibited Karpas 299 cells by stable transfected IκBαΔN (ΔN-Karpas 299) was described in detail previously.4
CD30 Stimulation by Monoclonal Agonistic Antibody (mAb), Recombinant CD30 Ligand (CD30L) or Co-Culture with CD30L-Transfected HeLa Cells
Exponentially growing CD30-positive cells (Karpas 299 or ΔN-Karpas 299) (1.5 × 105 cells/ml) were CD30-stimulated by mAB Ki-1 (500 ng/ml, produced in the Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany), recombinant CD30L (100 ng/ml, R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany), and co-cultured with CD30L- or mock-transfected HeLa cells for the indicated times, respectively. The effect of CD30 stimulation was compared and verified for the different CD30 stimulation systems by RQ-RT-PCR analysis of selected NFκB-target genes (A20/TNFAIP3, cIAP2, and TRAF1) and by the analysis of cell death induction (Annexin V-FITC/PI-staining). The analysis of protein co-localization by confocal microscopy was performed with the newly established cell-bound CD30L stimulation system. The CD30L cDNA was amplified from DG75, cloned into CloneAmp, subsequently transferred into pcDNA1.1 (Life Technologies, Invitrogen, Darmstadt, Germany), and sequenced (genetic analyzer, Life Technologies, Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany). HeLa cells were transfected with the CD30L expression plasmid by Turbofect (Fermentas/Thermo Scientific, St Leon-Rot, Germany). CD30L expression was verified by flow cytometry. Co-culture of CD30L-expressing HeLa cells and CD30-positive ALCL cells was started at 24 h after transfection for the indicated time. At the end of stimulation cells were fixed and stained as indicated. For further analysis CD30-positive Karpas 299 and ΔN-Karpas 299 cells were removed from HeLa cells by gentle pipetting, washed with PBS and collected by centrifugation at 200 × g for 5 min.
CD30 Stimulation of Proteasome Inhibited Cells
We applied the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) to systemic and cutaneous ALCL cell lines (DEL and Karpas 299: 0.2 μM, FEPD and Mac-1: 0.4 μM). One hour later, CD30 stimulation was initiated by Ki-1 (500 ng/ml) for a total of 16 h. Flow cytometric analysis of cell death was performed following Annexin V-FITC/PI-staining.
Cytokine (TNF) Analysis
Cells were CD30-stimulated by Ki-1 for the indicated time. Secreted TNF was determined by flow cytometry using the Flow Cytomix Pro Kit (Bender Medsystems, Vienna, Austria). TNF (Sigma-Aldrich) and TNF mAb (D1B4, New England Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany) were applied at 20 and 500 ng/ml, respectively. A TNF dose-response curve revealed that concentrations >20 ng/ml did not further increase cell death of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells, determined by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V/PI-stained cells (data not shown).
Immunoblot Analyses, Immunohistochemistry and Reagents
Cell extracts (15 μg) were fractioned by SDS-PAGE (10 or 4–12% NuPAGE gradient gels; Life Technologies, Invitrogen) and transferred to PVDF membranes (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany). Immunoblot was performed with the following antibodies: RIP1 (38/RIP, BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany or Sigma-Aldrich; HPA015257), A20 and CD30 (Ber-A2021 and Ber-H2, respectively; Institute of Pathology, Charité), Bcl-3 (SC-185), CD30 (SC1737), and IκBα (SC371) Santa Cruz, Heidelberg, Germany, full-length/cleaved PARP (MERCK, Calbiochem, Darmstadt Germany), cleaved PARP (Cell Signaling, Hamburg, Germany), cIAP1 (Sigma-Aldrich), cIAP2 (ab32059, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and the control mAb β-actin (ab6276, Abcam Cambridge, UK). HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence (Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany). Immunohistochemistry was carried out as published22 with the RIP1 (HPA015257, Sigma-Aldrich) antibody. A strong and reproducible immunohistological staining with the RIP1 mAb of >80% of neoplastic cells was scored positive. Tumor cells were scored RIP1-negative if no staining of the neoplastic cells was detected but a few small bystander cells showed at least weak RIP1 expression. The utilization of patients’ samples for immunohistology was approved by the ethics committee of the Charité (EA4/010/09) and conducted accordingly. The Smac mimetic (IAP-antagonist) BV6 was kindly provided by Dr Vucic (Genentech, USA).
Analysis of CD30-Stimulated Cells by Confocal Microscopy
CD30-positive ALCL cells were co-cultured in chamber slides for the indicated times with CD30L-/mock-transfected cells (Nunc, Thermo Scientific, Langenselbold, Germany). To perform RIP1/CD30/nuclei triple-fluorescence staining, cells were washed with PBS, air-dried, and acetone-fixed. Fixed cells were blocked with PBS containing 5% (v/v) FCS (PAA) for 1 h. Staining was carried out under humidified atmosphere with RIP1 (Sigma-Aldrich) and CD30 (Ber-H2) antibodies, detected by Alexa fluor 488- and Alexa fluor 555-conjugated antibodies (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany), respectively. Nuclei were depicted by TOTO-3 (Molecular Probes, Paisley, UK). Stained cells were examined with a confocal microscope (TCS NT, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and analyzed by Leica software LCS Lite.
Flow Cytometry
Staining of dead/apoptotic cells was performed with the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, Heidelberg, Germany) according to manufacturers’ instructions. Labeled cells were analyzed by a FACSort or Accuri C6 (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany). CD30L was stained by goat-antibody (Santa Cruz), detected by anti-goat-biotin and PE-conjugated Streptavidin (DakoCytomation, Hamburg, Germany).
RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription-Relative Quantitative-Real Time-PCR (RT-RQ-PCR)
Total RNA of RIP1 siRNA-treated/control siRNA-treated and control/CD30-stimulated ALCL cells was extracted, according to standard protocols (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RT-RQ-PCR was carried out as published22 with the following pairs of oligonucleotides (forward/reverse): A20: 5′-AGCTTTCTCTCATGGATGTAAAATGTG-3′/5′-GCATAAAGGCTGGGTGTTCAC-3′, cIAP2: 5′-GGACTCAGGTGTTGGGAATCTG-3′/5′-CCTTTAATTCTTATCAAGTACTCACACCTT-3′, RIP1: 5′-GAGGTTGGTGGGACGAGTTC-3′/5′-TGGTACTTGGAAGCTGGCTCTT-3′, TRAF1: 5′-TGCGGCTGTACCTGAATGG-3′/5′-ATACTCCCCTCTCATGATCACGAT-3′, hypoxanthine ribosyl transferase (HPRT): 5′-GAGTCCTATTGACATCGCCAGTA-3′/5′-CTAAGCAGATGGCCACAGAACTAG-3′. HPRT served as endogenous control. HPRT-normalized gene expression was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method.23
RIP1 Inhibition Experiments
Downregulation of RIP1 in Karpas 299 and ΔN-Karpas 299 cells was performed by RIP1 siRNA (ON TARGET plus SMART pool, Thermo Scientific/Dharmacon, Erembodegem, Belgium) transfection (Amaxa, Köln, Germany), consisting of four different RIP1 siRNAs. Mock-transfections were performed by control siRNA (non-targeting pool, Thermo Scientific/Dharmacon). In addition, RIP1 was inhibited pharmacologically by Nec-1 (Biomol, Hamburg, Germany) or Geldanamycin (GA, Sigma-Aldrich). Subsequently, cells were CD30-stimulated or control-treated for the indicated times. Downregulation of RIP1 was monitored by immunoblot analysis.
Processing of Microarray Data
Gene-expression data were obtained from three publicly available data bases (GSE6338, GSE14879, and GSE19069 at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus repository http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/geo/).24, 25, 26 Expression values were extracted from Affymetrix chip definition files and manufacturer’s annotations for HG-U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. CEL-files were imported into Partek Genomic Suite Software (Version 6.4; Partek, St Louis, Missouri, USA) and processed by the implemented robust multiarray (RMA) workflow (median polish probe set summarization, RMA background correction and quantile normalization).
Statistical Analysis
Data were statistically analyzed using the Student t-test (unpaired, two-tailed, 95% confidence interval).
RESULTS
CD30 Stimulation Induced Cell Death in NFκB Pathway Inhibited ALCL Cells
The experimental approach of this study was based on the different CD30-signaling effects leading to massive induction of cell death in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (NFκB-inhibited IκBαΔN-Karpas 299 cells), whereas native Karpas 299 cells remained alive upon CD30 stimulation (Figure 1a). In order to determine whether CD30-induced cell death also takes place in pharmacologically NFκB-inhibited ALCL cells, we applied the proteasome inhibitor MG132 to different systemic and cutaneous ALCL cell lines and initiated CD30 stimulation after 1 h for a period of 16 h. CD30 stimulation of MG132-treated ALCL cell lines (Karpas 299 and DEL 0.2 μM, FEPD and Mac-1 0.4 μM) induced massive cell death as determined by flow cytometry (Figure 1b). In detail, cell death of MG132-treated cells was increased by CD30 stimulation in NPM-ALK-positive Karpas 299 (35%) and DEL (55%) as well as NPM-ALK-negative FEPD (60%) and Mac-1 (59%), as compared with control-treated cells.
CD30 stimulation of CD30-positive Karpas 299 cells led to a short-term degradation of IκBα at 30 min (Figure 1c) and subsequent canonical NFκB activation. IκBα expression was more than re-established after 16 h CD30 stimulation (Figure 1c, middle panel). In ΔN-Karpas 299 cells, only minor expression of wild-type IκBα (37 kDa) was still detectable, which was completely degraded following 30 min of CD30 stimulation. CD30 stimulation of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells for 16 h did not lead to re-establishment of IκBα expression. The overexpressed IκBαΔN (34 kDa) was not affected by CD30 stimulation (Figure 1c). Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) represents one of the main cleavage targets of caspase-3. We revealed an increase of cleaved PARP upon 16 h CD30 stimulation of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (Figure 1c, middle panel), where full-length PARP (115 kDa) decreased in consequence. In line with this, we demonstrated the CD30-induced activation of caspase-8 (43/41 kDa) of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (Figure 1c, lower panel). In the opposite, neither induction of cell death (Figure 1a) nor cleavage of PARP or caspase-8 activation occurred in native Karpas 299 following CD30 stimulation (Figure 1c).
In addition to canonical NFκB-pathway, we investigated CD30-mediated non-canonical NFκB-pathway activation. As depicted in Figure 1c, CD30 stimulation induced p100/p52 processing as well as Bcl-3 activation in native Karpas 299 and ΔN-Karpas 299 cells. Constitutive and CD30-mediated Bcl-3 expression was less pronounced in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells as compared with native Karpas 299 cells.
CD30-Induced Cell Death of ΔN-Karpas 299 Cells was not Mediated by Autocrine TNF
Next we asked whether CD30-induced TNF secretion contributed to CD30-mediated cell death of NFκB-inhibited cells as published for cells under serum starvation.6 TNF was secreted constitutively on the same low level by Karpas 299 cells and ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (39.8±2.1 and 40.2±1.4 pg/ml, respectively). CD30 stimulation for 16 h induced TNF secretion of native Karpas 299 up to 518.8±8.4 pg/ml but only up to 312±10.6 pg/ml of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (Figure 1e). Noteworthy, only ΔN-Karpas 299 cells showed CD30-induced cell death. The lower TNF secretion of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells was not attributed to lower cell numbers as a consequence of CD30-induced cell death. Even at short-time CD30 stimulation (5 h), where no cell death was measured by flow cytometry, ΔN-Karpas 299 cells secreted lower amounts of TNF (data not shown). We demonstrated that native Karpas 299 cells were neither CD30- nor TNF-apoptosis sensitive at normal serum concentration. In contrast, ΔN-Karpas 299 cells were sensitive to CD30- and TNF-mediated cell death. A saturating dose of exogenous TNF (20 ng/ml) induced 41±2.1% apoptosis (Figure 1a). The kinetic (30 min, 4, 8, 16, and 48 h) of CD30- and TNF-induced cell death of NFκB-inhibited ΔN-Karpas 299 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (Figure 1d).
To elucidate whether autocrine TNF was involved in CD30-induced cell death of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells, we pre-incubated cells with a TNF-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (D1B4) at 500 ng/ml for 0.5 h and performed CD30 or TNFR1 stimulation for 16 h, subsequently. D1B4 completely blocked TNF-induced cell death of ΔN-K299 cells (Figure 1a, panel 7). In contrast, CD30-induced cell death was not affected by TNF-neutralization (Figure 1a, panel 8). These findings clearly indicated that autocrine TNF was not involved in CD30-induced cell death of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells.
CD30-Induced Cell Death was Mediated by RIP1 in ΔN-Karpas 299 Cells
The consistent expression of RIP1 protein of all untreated ALCL cell lines and HeLa cells that have been investigated in this study is shown in Figure 1g by immunoblot. As RIP1 represents an important component of DD-carrying TNFR-signaling complexes, we reasoned whether it also participates in CD30 signaling. To prove this, we performed RIP1 downregulation by RIP1 siRNA (a pool of four RIP1 siRNAs). As revealed by RT-RQ-PCR analysis, RIP1 siRNA transfection diminished RIP1 mRNA 6.5- and 6.6-fold (RQ=0.15) in Karpas 299 and ΔN-Karpas 299 cells, respectively (Figure 1f). These results were confirmed by immunoblot and analyzed in the context of additional relevant proteins at a later stage of the experiments (Figure 2c).
However, and most strikingly, CD30-induced cell death of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells was prevented almost completely by RIP1 siRNA-mediated RIP1 inhibition (Figure 2a, 6th panel), which was accompanied by reduced PARP cleavage (Figure 2b, compare lane 6+8).
RIP1 inhibition of native Karpas 299 did not change CD30 signaling. We determined the expression of known CD30 target genes by RT-RQ-PCR analysis of RIP1/control siRNA-treated, 16 h CD30-stimulated Karpas 299 cells. RIP1 downregulation did not affect CD30-induced expression of A20, cIAP2 or TRAF1 (Figure 2c). Noteworthy, RIP1-associated effects became apparent only under NFκB-inhibited condition following CD30 stimulation.
Nec-1 and GA Inhibited CD30-Induced Cell Death in ΔN-Karpas 299 Cells
To confirm our RIP1 siRNA results by means of pharmacological approaches, we applied the allosteric RIP1 kinase inhibitor Nec-117 to ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (Figure 2a and b). As revealed by flow cytometry, the extent of Nec-1-mediated inhibition (20 μM) of CD30-induced cell death was comparable to our RIP1 siRNA results (Figure 2a). Owing to Nec-1-mediated RIP1 kinase inhibition, RIP1 expression itself was not influenced by Nec-1 (Figure 2b, lane 11+12). Nec-1-mediated inhibition of CD30-induced cell death was accompanied by reduced PARP cleavage (Figure 2b, 2nd row, compare lane 10+12). To add additional proof-of-concept, we inhibited RIP1 in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells by the anti-tumor drug GA (150 nM: preincubation for 16 h) and performed CD30 stimulation for 16 h subsequently. Western blot analysis revealed that GA treatment decreased RIP1 expression dramatically (Figure 2d, upper panel) and prevented CD30-induced cell death as measured by flow cytometry (Figure 2d, lower panel). GA treatment raised merely a slightly increased constitutive cell death (Figure 2d, lower part). A simplified model of CD30 signal transduction in native and NFκB-inhibited ALCL cells is given in Figure 3. The two kinds of CD30-induced cell death, ie, necroptosis and apoptosis are indicated.
The CD30 Targets cIAP2 and TRAF1 were not Affected by RIP1 Inhibition
In native Karpas 299 cells, CD30-induced upregulation of known CD30 target proteins like cIAP2 and TRAF1 was not affected by RIP1 siRNA-mediated RIP1 inhibition (Figure 2b, lane 1–4). In ΔN-Karpas 299 cells, the expression of cIAP2 and TRAF1 is not inducible by CD30 stimulation and was also not altered by RIP1 inhibition (Figure 2c, lane 5–8). Moreover, TRAF2 degradation was not influenced by Nec-1 or RIP1 siRNA in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells or RIP1 siRNA treatment of Karpas 299 cells (Figure 2b, lane 11+12, 7+8 or lane 3+4, respectively); also CD30-mediated TRAF2 degradation was more pronounced in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells as compared with native Karpas 299 (Figure 2b, lane 5+6 vs 1+2). These data indicate that RIP1 inhibition of ALCL cells does not affect NFκB-mediated CD30-signaling events but rather CD30-induced cell death.
Low cIAP2 Expression was not Responsible for CD30- or TNF-Induced Cell Death in ΔN-Karpas 299 Cells
Previously, we and others demonstrated that cIAP2 expression was significantly induced by CD30 stimulation of different ALCL cell lines, including Karpas 299.4, 27 Here, we showed that CD30 stimulation of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells did not increase cIAP2 expression (Figure 2b). Based on the fact that cIAP2 represents an ubiquitin ligase, mediating K63-linked RIP1 ubiquitination,19 we wondered whether consistently low cIAP2 expression as revealed in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells might be involved in the CD30- and TNF-mediated cell death. To address this issue, we pre-incubated Karpas 299 cells with 1 μM Smac mimetic (BV6; IAP inhibitor) for 2 h and performed a CD30 or TNF stimulation for 16 h, subsequently. BV6 almost completely abolished cIAP2 expression and to a lesser extent cIAP1 expression as demonstrated by immunoblot (Figure 2e) and abrogated CD30- and TNF-mediated upregulation of cIAP2 as well as CD30-mediated cIAP1 inhibition28 (Figure 2e). Despite very strong cIAP2 inhibition, CD30 stimulation of these IAP-inhibited Karpas 299 cells did not induce cell death. Only spontaneous basal cell death rates were slightly increased by BV6 (Figure 2e, lower panel). Importantly, BV6-mediated cIAP inhibition did not affect CD30-induced gene expression as demonstrated exemplarily by the upregulation of A20, which was reported to function as a regulator of NFκB by means of de-ubiquitinating RIP1 following TNF stimulation20 (Figure 2e).
CD30 Stimulation of ΔN-Karpas 299 Cells in a Cell-Based CD30L Expression System Induced Accumulation of RIP1 at the Cytoplasma Membrane and Co-Localization with CD30
Our data revealed that CD30-induced cell death of NFκB-inhibited cells is mediated by RIP1. In order to study cellular localization of RIP1 in the context of CD30 signaling in individual cells, we established a cell-cell contact-based CD30 stimulation system that is closer to the physiological situation. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with CD30 ligand (CD30L; efficiency 35% Figure 4a) that was expressed at the cell surface. As demonstrated by co-culture of ΔN-Karpas 299 cells (16 h), the CD30L-expressing HeLa cells were able to induce apoptosis to an extent (50%) very similar to the treatment with the recombinant CD30L (100 ng/ml) or agonistic monoclonal CD30-antibody Ki-1 (500 ng/ml) (Figure 4c).4 Mock-transfected HeLa cells did not affect viability of co-cultured lymphocytes as revealed by flow cytometry and microscopic analysis (Figure 4b). Neither CD30L- nor mock-transfected HeLa cells induced cell death of native Karpas 299, DEL or Mac-1 cells (data not shown). Similarly, CD30 target genes were only upregulated by co-culture of CD30L-expressing HeLa cells and native Karpas 299 cells, whereas mock transfected were not effective (Figure 4d).
Co-culture of native Karpas 299 cells as well as ΔN-Karpas 299 cells with CD30L-expressing HeLa cells induced an almost complete attachment of CD30-positive cells to CD30L-expressing cells at 2 h. There was almost no attachment with mock-transfected cells. Confocal analysis of CD30-stimulated ΔN-Karpas 299 cells, immunostained for CD30 and RIP1, revealed massive accumulation of RIP1 at the cytoplasma membrane and a co-localization of RIP1 and CD30 (Figure 5b, middle and lower panels). In contrast, these effects did not take place in native Karpas 299 cells (Figure 5a) or in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells co-cultured with mock-transfected HeLa cells (Figure 5b, upper panel). These data demonstrate that CD30 and RIP1 represent an ‘intimate couple’ under CD30 stimulation of NFκB-deficient cells.
RIP1 Expression of Primary Cases of Systemic ALCL
We also investigated RIP1 expression of systemic ALCL cases in vivo by immunohistology. Interestingly, 10/12 ALK-positive cases and 5/9 ALK-negative ALCL cases showed cytoplasmic RIP1 expression (Figure 5c). As our in vitro data uncovered that RIP1 expression represents the prerequisite for CD30-induced cell death to occur in NFκB-inhibited ALCL cells, the detection of RIP1-positivity might be of importance for therapeutic approaches of ALCL patients. Combined CD30-stimulation/NFκB-inhibition therapy29 might only be effective in RIP1 expressing tumor cells. In order to verify the potential correlation of RIP1 and ALK expression, we analyzed gene expression array data of 50 ALCL patient samples that have been obtained from three publicly available data bases (GSE6338, GSE14879, and GSE19069).24, 25, 26 As depicted in the combined box/dot-plots (Figure 5d), the entire set of 50 samples is clearly split into two groups, based on ALK (probe set 208212_s_at) expression (P=9.56e-11). On the other hand, RIPK1 expression (probe set 226551_s_at) is not significantly different in ALK-negative and ALK-positive samples (P=0.507).
DISCUSSION
This is the first report that establishes a link between the death domain (DD)-containing serine/threonine kinase RIP1 and the signaling of CD30, a TNFR without DD. DDs are cytoplasmic stretches of TNFRs like TNFR1, TRAILR, and CD95/Fas that mediate death signals.30 We show that RIP1 is crucially involved in CD30-induced cell death, which can be specifically inhibited by RIP1 siRNA or pharmacologically by the allosteric RIP1 kinase inhibitor Nec-1.17 In addition to the specific approaches of RIP1 inhibition, we corroborated our findings by the application of GA. GA induces RIP1 degradation by disrupting the function of the RIP1-associating chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) but GA is also known to inhibit various proto-oncogenic protein kinases.31 Here, we demonstrated GA-mediated RIP1 inhibition and abrogation of CD30-induced cell death.
As inhibition of RIP1 kinase activity by Nec-1 efficiently blocked necroptosis17, our data clearly indicate that CD30-mediated cell death carries features of necroptosis.32 Paradoxically, we further revealed that CD30-induced cell death comes along with increased PARP cleavage and caspase-8 activation that can be inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. These results demonstrate that caspase-mediated apoptotic mechanisms also have a role in CD30-mediated cell killing. Therefore, CD30-induced cell death cannot be classified according to Galluzzi et al32 as features of apoptosis and necroptosis appear to be collaborative active under these conditions.
Our findings extend current knowledge and match very nicely with recently published work by Knox et al,8 who demonstrated that RIP1 links the immunoregulatory receptor CD40 to apoptotic signaling in carcinomas. Thus, it becomes apparent that not only DD-containing TNFRs but also TRAF domain-carrying TNFRs like CD30 and CD40 use RIP1 for signal transduction.
Originally, RIP1 was considered to constitute an absolute requirement for TNF-mediated NFκB activation.33 This view is challenged by recent data where cells from RIP1−/− knockout mice activated NFκB in response to TNF.34 These data are in line with our observations. We successfully inhibited RIP1 by siRNA in native ALCL cells, but CD30-mediated NFκB activation, as revealed by NFκB target gene analysis, was not abrogated. Our results clearly indicate that RIP1 is not required for CD30-mediated NFκB activation but instead transmits the CD30 signal to cell death under NFκB-inhibited condition. We revealed CD30-mediated canonical and non-canonical NFκB activation in ALCL cell lines, which is in line with previous publications.4, 35 In addition, we demonstrated CD30-induced non-canonical NFκB activation and CD30-induced Bcl-3 expression to occur in both, native Karpas 299 and NFκB-inhibited ΔN-Karpas 299 cells. Of note, both, constitutive as well as CD30-induced Bcl-3 expression appears to be lower in constitutively NFκB-inhibited ΔN-Karpas 299 cells as compared with native Karpas 299 cells.
Activation of TNFR1 leads to highly complex polyubiquitination of RIP1 by the ubiquitin ligases cIAP1/cIAP2 and TRAF2. The mode of ubiquitination determines whether RIP1 works as a prosurvival scaffold molecule leading to NFκB activation or as a kinase that mediates cell death.19, 36, 37, 38 In addition to CD30-regulated NFκB targets, we further analyzed the expression of the TNFR adapter TRAF2 in the context of CD30 signaling. TRAF2 recruits cIAPs to many of the TNFRs, including CD4039 and CD3028 and it is degraded during CD30 signaling.28 We revealed that CD30-induced TRAF2 degradation is more pronounced in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells as compared with native Karpas 299 cells, pointing out to the importance of NFκB-driven effects on TRAF2-regulation.
As cIAP2 is induced by CD30 stimulation22, 27 and represents a RIP1 ubiquitin ligase,18 we analyzed its expression in CD30-stimulated and unstimulated Karpas 299 and ΔN-Karpas 299 cells. We revealed that NFκB-inhibited ALCL cells constitutively express cIAP2 on a very low level and CD30 stimulation is unable to increase cIAP2 protein expression in these cells. Inhibition of cIAPs by BV6, a small molecule that mimics the antagonistic activity of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), induced auto-ubiquitination and degradation of cIAPs within minutes.40 Inhibition of cIAP1 and cIAP2 sensitized cells to TNF by the formation of a RIP1-dependent caspase-8-activating complex and culminated in cell death.9 Therefore, cIAPs and RIP1 represent an ‘intimate couple’ with deep impact on TNFR-signaling events.41 In terms of DD-TNFRs like TNFR1, low IAP expression rendered cells sensitive to TNF-induced cell death.18 Despite the fact that CD30 does not belong to this group of TNFRs, we reasoned whether low cIAP2 expression as measured in ΔN-Karpas 299 cells is involved in the switching the CD30 signal to cell death. Of note, neither CD30 nor TNF stimulation of native Karpas 299 leads to apoptosis when cells are grown in complete medium with normal serum concentrations. Here, we successfully inhibited IAP expression of Karpas 299 cells by BV6 but neither CD30 nor TNF stimulation induced cell death in these cells. We further revealed that BV6 treatment slightly increased cell death and constitutive expression of the bona fide NFκB target A20/TNFAIP3. Of note, IAP inhibition did not abolish CD30-induced upregulation of A20. However, our data did not disclose a key role for cIAP2 in the context of CD30-induced cell death.
Our findings meet published data demonstrating CD30-induced cell death in vitro and in a human Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft model by Bortezomib-mediated proteasome inhibition.5 Bortezomib is a potent and reversible proteasome inhibitor with clinical efficacy29 that leads to blockage of IκBα degradation/NFκB activation. Therefore, both aspects of our in vitro model, ie, NFκB inhibition and CD30 stimulation of CD30-positive tumor cells, are applicable to the in vivo situation. However, only patients with RIP1 expression might benefit from bortezomib-mediated NFκB inhibition paralleled by CD30 stimulation. It is, therefore, conceivable to determine RIP1 expression of ALCL tumor samples by immunohistology in order to identify RIP1-positive patients that should be eligible for combined CD30-antibody/NFκB-targeted therapy.42, 43 To test a possible correlation of RIP1 and ALK expression we analyzed previously published ALCL gene-expression array data sets that covered 50 ALCL cases, where 26/24 cases have been defined to be ALK-positive/-negative, respectively.24, 25, 26 Based on our analysis of these 50 ALCL samples we conclude that ALK- and RIP1-expression do not correlate (P=0.507). Therefore, we cannot convey an impact of RIP1 expression on the prognosis of ALK-positive or ALK-negative ALCL.
In vivo, CD30 stimulation is mediated by the interaction of CD30-positive and CD30L-positive cells.43 Here, we established and functionally validated a cell-based strategy of CD30 stimulation that most closely mimics the physiological situation. Different cell-based CD30L-expressing systems have been applied in the past, first by Smith et al44 and Csomos,28 using CV1/EBNA cells and CHO cells, respectively. We established a HeLa-based CD30L expression system to additionally investigate CD30-mediated changes of sub-cellular protein distribution by confocal laser scanning microscopy. This led us to demonstrate (i) a CD30-induced shift of RIP1 to the cytoplasma membrane and (ii) the RIP1/CD30 co-localization in CD30-stimulated NFκB-inhibited ALCL cells. These CD30-induced intracellular changes remind of ‘capping’45 or uropod-like structures that are formed following cytokine-mediated stimulation of T-lymphocytes where flotillin proteins constitute microdomains in the plasma membrane.46
In conclusion, we identified RIP1 as a new and critical regulator of CD30 signaling. Moreover, RIP1 is important for CD30-induced cell death in NFκB-deficient CD30-positive cells. Interestingly, this RIP1-mediated cell death carries features of both, apoptosis and necroptosis. This notion is very important for therapeutic considerations, as CD30-induced cell death can only be evoked in RIP1 expressing cells in conjunction with NFκB inhibition.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr Dido Lenze for her excellent help with Partek software-based CEL-file data analysis of Affymetrix Human Genome U133Plus 2.0 Arrays. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DU370/3-1). The IAP-antagonist (Smac mimetic) BV6 was kindly provided by Dr Vucic, Genentech, USA.
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This paper identifies receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) as a crucial mediator of CD30-induced cell death in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) cells. In these cells, CD30-induces cell death that bears features of apoptosis as well as necroptosis. RIP1 therefore appears to be a novel candidate molecule for ALCL therapy.
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Hirsch, B., von der Wall, E., Hummel, M. et al. RIP1 expression is necessary for CD30-mediated cell death induction in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells. Lab Invest 93, 677–689 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2013.50
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2013.50