Abstract
Background:
Identifying whether components of total energy expenditure (EE) are affected by orexin receptor (OXR1 and OXR2) stimulation or antagonism with dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) has relevance for obesity treatment. Orexin receptor stimulation reduces weight gain by increasing total EE and EE during spontaneous physical activity (SPA).
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a DORA (TCS-1102) in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) reduced orexin-A-induced arousal, SPA, total EE and EE during sleep, rest, wake and SPA and whether the DORA alone reduced total EE and its components. We hypothesized that: (1) a DORA would reduce orexin-A induced increases in arousal, SPA, components of total EE, reductions in sleep and the EE during sleep and (2) the DORA alone would reduce baseline (non-stimulated) SPA and total EE.
Subjects/Methods:
Sleep, wakefulness, SPA and EE were determined after microinjection of the DORA (TCS-1102) and orexin-A in the VLPO of male Sprague–Dawley rats with a unilateral cannula targeted towards the VLPO. Individual components of total EE were determined based on time-stamped data.
Results:
The DORA reduced orexin-A-induced increases in arousal, SPA, total EE and EE during SPA, wake, rest and sleep 1 h post injection (P<0.05). Orexin-A significantly reduced sleep and significantly increased EE during sleep 1 h post injection (P<0.05). Furthermore, the DORA alone significantly reduced total EE, EE during sleep (NREM and REM) and resting EE 2 h post injection (P<0.05).
Conclusions:
These data suggest that orexin-A reduces weight gain by stimulating total EE through increases in EE during SPA, rest and sleep. Residual effects of the DORA alone include decreases in total EE and EE during sleep and rest, which may promote weight gain.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE et al. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 322–327.
Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H et al. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 1998; 92: 1–696.
Li J, Hu Z, de Lcea L . The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171: 332–350.
Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, Kadotani H, Rogers W, Lin X et al. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 1999; 98: 365–376.
Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, Elmquist JK, Scammell T, Lee C et al. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 1999; 98: 437–451.
Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Nienhuis R, Ramanathan L, Gulyani S, Aldrich M et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 2000; 27: 469–474.
Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Mignot E . Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000; 355: 39–40.
Hara J, Beuckmann CT, Nambu T, Willie JT, Chemelli RM, Sinton CM et al. Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron 2001; 30: 345–354.
Hagan JJ, Leslie RA, Patel S, Evans ML, Wattam TA, Holmes S et al. Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 10911–10916.
Piper DC, Upton N, Smith MI, Hunter AJ . The novel brain neuropeptide, orexin-A, modulates the sleep-wake cycle of rats. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12: 726–730.
Kotz CM, Teske JA, Billington CJ . Neuroregulation of nonexercise activity thermogenesis and obesity resistance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294: R699–R710.
Lubkin M, Stricker-Krongrad A . Independent feeding and metabolic actions of orexins in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 253: 241–245.
Sweet DC, Levine AS, Billington CJ, Kotz CM . Feeding response to central orexins. Brain Res 1999; 821: 535–538.
Brisbare-Roch C, Dingemanse J, Koberstein R, Hoever P, Aissaoui H, Flores S et al. Promotion of sleep by targeting the orexin system in rats, dogs and humans. Nat Med 2007; 13: 150–155.
Winrow CJ, Tanis KQ, Reiss DR, Rigby AM, Uslaner JM, Uebele VN et al. Orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58: 185–194.
Mang GM, Dürst T, Bürki H, Imobersteg S, Abramowski D, Schuepbach E et al. The dual orexin receptor antagonist almorexant induces sleep and decreases orexin-induced locomotion by blocking orexin 2 receptors. Sleep 2012; 35: 1625–1635.
Sherin JE, Shiromani PJ, McCarley RW, Saper CB . Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 1996; 271: 216–219.
Szymusiak R, Alam N, Steininger TL, McGinty D . Sleep-waking discharge patterns of ventrolateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats. Brain Res 1998; 803: 178–188.
Sakurai T, Nagata R, Yamanaka A, Kawamura H, Tsujino N, Muraki Y et al. Input of orexin/hypocretin neurons revealed by a genetically encoded tracer in mice. Neuron 2005; 46: 297–308.
Marcus JN, Aschkenasi CJ, Lee CE, Chemelli RM, Saper CB, Yanagisawa M et al. Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2001; 435: 6–25.
Mavanji V, Teske JA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM . Elevated sleep quality and orexin receptor mRNA in obesity-resistant rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34: 1576–1588.
Methippara MM, Alam MN, Szymusiak R, McGinty D . Effects of lateral preoptic area application of orexin-A on sleep–wakefulness. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 3423–3426.
Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD . Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science 1999; 283: 212–214.
Mavanji V, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM, Billington CJ, Parthasarathy S, Sinton CM et al. Promotion of wakefulness and energy expenditure by orexin A in the ventrolateral preoptic area. Sleep 2015; 38: 1361–1370.
Paxinos G, Watson C, Pennisi M, Bregma Topple A . lambda and the interaural midpoint in stereotaxic surgery with rats of different sex, strain and weight. J Neurosci Methods 1985; 13: 139–143.
O'Hare E, Cleary J, Weldon DT, Pomonis JD, Billington CJ, Levine AS . Intrahypothalamic discriminative stimulus effects of neuropeptide Y. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59: 375–378.
Teske JA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM . Mechanisms underlying obesity resistance associated with high spontaneous physical activity. Neuroscience 2014; 256: 91–100.
Nicholson C . Diffusion from an injected volume of a substance in brain tissue with arbitrary volume fraction and tortuosity. Brain Res 1985; 333: 325–329.
Kaiyala KJ, Morton GJ, Thaler JP, Meek TH, Tylee T, Ogimoto K et al. Acutely decreased thermoregulatory energy expenditure or decreased activity energy expenditure both acutely reduce food intake in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7: e41473.
Weir JB . New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 1949; 109: 1–9.
Parrish JB, Teske JA . Acute partial sleep deprivation due to environmental noise increases weight gain by reducing energy expenditure in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 2017; 25: 141–146.
Teske JA, Billington CJ, Kuskowski MA, Kotz CM . Spontaneous physical activity protects against fat mass gain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 603–613.
Kotz CM, Teske JA, Levine JA, Wang C . Feeding and activity induced by orexin A in the lateral hypothalamus in rats. Regul Pept 2002; 104: 27–32.
Kotz C, Nixon J, Butterick T, Perez-Leighton C, Teske J, Billington C . Brain orexin promotes obesity resistance. Ann NY Acad Sci 2012; 1264: 72–86.
Winrow CJ, Renger JJ . Discovery and development of orexin receptor antagonists as therapeutics for insomnia. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171: 283–293.
Huang ZL, Qu WM, Li WD, Mochizuki T, Eguchi N, Watanabe T et al. Arousal effect of orexin A depends on activation of the histaminergic system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 9965–9970.
Kiwaki K, Kotz CM, Wang C, Lanningham-Foster L, Levine JA, Orexin A . (hypocretin 1) injected into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and spontaneous physical activity in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286: E551–E559.
Novak CM, Kotz CM, Levine JA . Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290: E396–E403.
Yoshimichi G, Yoshimatsu H, Masaki T, Sakata T . Orexin-A regulates body temperature in coordination with arousal status. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226: 468–476.
Tupone D, Madden CJ, Cano G, Morrison SF . An orexinergic projection from perifornical hypothalamus to raphe pallidus increases rat brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 15944–15955.
Shirasaka T, Nakazato M, Matsukura S, Takasaki M, Kannan H . Sympathetic and cardiovascular actions of orexins in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 1999; 277 (Part 2): R1780–R1785.
Novak CM, Levine JA . Daily intraparaventricular orexin-A treatment induces weight loss in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 2009; 17: 1493–1498.
Herring WJ, Snyder E, Budd K, Hutzelmann J, Snavely D, Liu K et al. Orexin receptor antagonism for treatment of insomnia: a randomized clinical trial of suvorexant. Neurology 2012; 79: 2265–2274.
Ramirez AD, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Yao L, Tye SJ et al. Dual orexin receptor antagonists show distinct effects on locomotor performance, ethanol interaction and sleep architecture relative to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor modulators. Front Neurosci 2013; 7: 254.
Ravussin E, Burnand B, Schutz Y, Jequier E . Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in obese, moderately obese, and control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 566–573.
Yamanaka A, Tsujino N, Funahashi H, Honda K, Guan JL, Wang QP et al. Orexins activate histaminergic neurons via the orexin 2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290: 1237–1245.
Takahashi K, Koyama Y, Kayama Y, Yamamoto M . Effects of orexin on the laterodorsal tegmental neurones. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 56: 335–336.
Brown RE, Sergeeva OA, Eriksson KS, Haas HL . Convergent excitation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons by multiple arousal systems (orexin/hypocretin, histamine and noradrenaline). J Neurosci 2002; 22: 8850–8859.
Hirota K, Kushikata T, Kudo M, Kudo T, Lambert DG, Matsuki A . Orexin A and B evoke noradrenaline release from rat cerebrocortical slices. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134: 1461–1466.
Fadel J, Pasumarthi R, Reznikov LR . Stimulation of cortical acetylcholine release by orexin A. Neuroscience 2005; 130: 541–547.
Tao R, Ma Z, McKenna JT, Thakkar MM, Winston S, Strecker RE et al. Differential effect of orexins (hypocretins) on serotonin release in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of freely behaving rats. Neuroscience 2006; 141: 1101–1105.
Gallopin T, Fort P, Eggermann E, Cauli B, Luppi PH, Rossier J et al. Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro. Nature 2000; 404: 992–995.
Liu YW, Li J, Ye JH . Histamine regulates activities of neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. J Physiol. 2010; 588 (Part 21): 4103–4116.
Matsuo S, Jang IS, Nabekura J, Akaike N . Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated presynaptic modulation of GABAergic transmission in mechanically dissociated rat ventrolateral preoptic neurons. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89: 1640–1648.
Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE . The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24: 726–731.
Date Y, Ueta Y, Yamashita H, Yamaguchi H, Matsukura S, Kangawa K et al. Orexins, orexigenic hypothalamic peptides, interact with autonomic, neuroendocrine and neuroregulatory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 748–753.
Wang J, Osaka T, Inoue S . Energy expenditure by intracerebroventricular administration of orexin to anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 2001; 315: 49–52.
Li A, Hindmarch CC, Nattie EE, Paton JF . Antagonism of orexin receptors significantly lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Physiol 2013; 591: 4237–4248.
Backberg M, Hervieu G, Wilson S, Meister B . Orexin receptor-1 (OX-R1) immunoreactivity in chemically identified neurons of the hypothalamus: focus on orexin targets involved in control of food and water intake. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15: 315–328.
Cui LN, Saeb-Parsy K, Dyball RE . Neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat are regulated by a projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol 1997; 502 (Part 1): 149–159.
Acknowledgements
Funding for this research and publication was supported by a Career Development Award-level 2 (F7212W to JAT) and Merit Award (5I01RX000441-04 to CMK and CJB) from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, the National Institutes of Health-NIDDK (1R01DK100281-01A1 to CMK and CJB and 5P30DK05045619 to CJB), the United States Department of Agriculture (ARZT-1360220-H23-150 and ARZT-1372540-R23-131 to JAT), the University of Arizona Department of Nutritional Sciences DeBell Research Enhancement Award, the National Needs Fellowship (2014-38420-21799) and the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Science Dean's Research Advisory Committee Research Enhancement Award.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coborn, J., DePorter, D., Mavanji, V. et al. Role of orexin-A in the ventrolateral preoptic area on components of total energy expenditure. Int J Obes 41, 1256–1262 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.92
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.92
This article is cited by
-
Noise-induced sleep disruption increases weight gain and decreases energy metabolism in female rats
International Journal of Obesity (2019)
-
Orexins, Sleep, and Blood Pressure
Current Hypertension Reports (2018)
-
Spontaneous Physical Activity Defends Against Obesity
Current Obesity Reports (2017)