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  • Original Article
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Use of dietary supplements in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition calibration study

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 63, pages S226–S238 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Background:

Dietary supplement use is increasing, but there are few comparable data on supplement intakes and how they affect the nutrition and health of European consumers. The aim of this study was to describe the use of dietary supplements in subsamples of the 10 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Methods:

Specific questions on dietary supplement use were asked as a part of single 24-h recalls performed on 36 034 men and women aged 35–74 years from 1995 to 2000.

Results:

Between countries, the mean percentage of dietary supplement use varied almost 10-fold among women and even more among men. There was a clear north–south gradient in use, with a higher consumption in northern countries. The lowest crude mean percentage of use was found in Greece (2.0% among men, 6.7% among women), and the highest was in Denmark (51.0% among men, 65.8% among women). Use was higher in women than in men. Vitamins, minerals or combinations of them were the predominant types of supplements reported, but there were striking differences between countries.

Conclusions:

This study indicates that there are wide variations in supplement use in Europe, which may affect individual and population nutrient intakes. The results underline the need to monitor consumption of dietary supplements in Europe, as well as to evaluate the risks and benefits.

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Acknowledgements

The work of GS was supported by EXTRA funds from the Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation and the Norwegian Cancer Society.

This study was carried out with the financial support of the European Commission: Public Health and Consumer Protection Directorate 1993–2004; Research Directorate-General 2005; Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Société 3M (France); Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Institut Gustave Roussy; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Center; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology; and ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020), Spain; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, UK; the Stroke Association, UK; British Heart Foundation; Department of Health, UK; Food Standards Agency, UK; the Wellcome Trust, UK; Greek Ministry of Health; Hellenic Health Foundation; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council, Regione Sicilia (Sicilian government); Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica—ONLUS (Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Research, NPO); Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Research Council; Regional Government of Skane and the County Council of Vasterbotten, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; the Norwegian Research Council; and the Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation. We thank Connie Stripp for her efforts in classifying the Danish supplements, Sarah Somerville, Nicole Suty and Karima Abdedayem for assistance with editing and Kimberley Bouckaert and Heinz Freisling for technical assistance.

Author information

Author notes

  1. K Nimptsch

    Present address: 27Current address: Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, USA,

  2. J Linseisen

    Present address: 28Current address: Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany,

  3. P Ferrari

    Present address: 29Current address: Data Collection and Exposure Unit (DATEX), European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy,

  4. A A Welch

    Present address: 30Current address: School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK,

  5. S Bingham: The author is deceased.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

    G Skeie, T Braaten, D Engeset & E Lund

  2. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway

    A Hjartåker

  3. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    M Lentjes, A A Welch & S Bingham

  4. Public Health Department of Guipuzkoa, Basque Government, San Sebastian and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain

    P Amiano

  5. Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain

    P Jakszyn

  6. Department of Preventive & Predictive Medicine, Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy

    V Pala & A Palanca

  7. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    E M Niekerk & H Verhagen

  8. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

    K Avloniti, T Psaltopoulou & A Trichopoulou

  9. INSERM, ERI 20, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

    M Niravong, M Touvier, M-C Boutron-Ruault & F Clavel-Chapelon

  10. AFSSA (French Food Safety Agency), DERNS/PASER, Maisons-Alfort, France

    M Touvier

  11. Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

    K Nimptsch & J Linseisen

  12. Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany

    J Haubrock & A Schienkiewitz

  13. Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    L Walker & E A Spencer

  14. Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

    N Roswall, A Olsen & A Tjønneland

  15. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malm, ö, Sweden

    P Wallström

  16. Department of Nutritional Research, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden

    S Nilsson & V Hellström

  17. Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

    C Casagrande, G Deharveng, P Ferrari & N Slimani

  18. Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

    A M Joensen

  19. Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain

    C Martinez

  20. Public Health and Participation Directorate, Health and Health Care Services Council, Asturias, Spain

    L Rodríguez

  21. Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera ‘Civile - M.P. Arezzo’, Ragusa, Italy

    G Frasca

  22. Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Turin, Italy

    C Sacerdote

  23. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    P H M Peeters

  24. Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

    J Manjer

  25. Department of Epidemiology, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College, London, UK

    E Riboli

  26. Diet and Cancer Group, MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK

    S Bingham

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  1. G Skeie
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  2. T Braaten
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  28. A M Joensen
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  30. A Trichopoulou
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  31. C Martinez
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  32. L Rodríguez
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  33. G Frasca
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  36. J Linseisen
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  37. A Schienkiewitz
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  38. A A Welch
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  39. J Manjer
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  40. P Ferrari
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  41. E Riboli
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  42. S Bingham
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  43. D Engeset
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  44. E Lund
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  45. N Slimani
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to G Skeie.

Additional information

Guarantor: G SkeieContributors: GS performed statistical analyses and wrote the article. NS was the overall coordinator of this project and of the EPIC nutritional databases (ENDB) project. GS, ML, PA, PJ, VP, AP, EMN, KA, TP, MN, MT, KN, JH, LW, ES, AO, SN, VH, GD, CC, DE contributed to the reclassification of data from their respective countries, and gave input on statistical analyses, interpretation of results and drafting of the article. TB, AH, HV, PW, MCBR, PF, EL, NS gave input on the statistical analyses, interpretation of results and drafting of the manuscript. The other co-authors were local EPIC collaborators involved in the design of the study and data collection. ER is the overall coordinator of the EPIC study. All co-authors provided comments and suggestions on the article and approved the final version.

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Skeie, G., Braaten, T., Hjartåker, A. et al. Use of dietary supplements in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition calibration study. Eur J Clin Nutr 63 (Suppl 4), S226–S238 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.83

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