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Labeling RNA molecules in their physiological environment is still a technological challenge that should be overcome to study kinetics, localization and protein interactions of these ubiquitous cellular regulators. The only non-invasive method applicable for detecting unmodified RNAs in live cells described so far used two RNA-binding pumilio proteins directly interacting with RNA that triggered complementation of the split fluorescent protein (FP) fused to pumilio proteins1,2. To use this as a universal method, the pumilio proteins should be subjected to mutagenesis to bind each new target RNA. Protein mutagenesis is a time-consuming process and it limits application of this approach. Another method that used RNA-templated protein complementation has been developed but used for in vitro RNA detection only3. Therefore, detection of unmodified RNAs in vivo remains a daunting problem.
Here, we describe a universal method for labeling unmodified RNAs in live cells based on combination of the split aptamer approach and protein complementation. The principle of this method consists of sequence-specific binding of two RNA probes complementary to two adjacent sites on an unmodified RNA target. Each RNA probe is made of two modules connected by a flexible linker: one module is a sequence complementary to the target; the second is a fragment of the split aptamer. When target RNA is present in the cell, the head-to-tail binding of the two RNA probes to the target brings the two fragments of the split aptamer into close proximity, triggering its reassembly. The reassembled aptamer then initiates the association of two split fusion proteins, each containing a fragment of a split FP and a fragment of an RNA-binding protein. As a result, the two non-fluorescent fragments of FP reassociate and become fluorescent (Figure 1A). In all experiments, we used the split RNA-binding protein eIF4A fused with split EGFP and the eIF4A-specific aptamer, the same system we used in our previous RNA-labeling methods4,5,6. We tested two designs for RNA probes: in one case, the probes were expressed as two separate transcripts, in another they were expressed within one long transcript with an unrelated intervening sequence. We found that the second design significantly reduced the fluorescent background. This effect has been studied in detail (see Supplementary information, Data S1) and explained by the interactions of the split fusion proteins with the RNA probes containing split aptamer sequence (Supplementary information, Figure S1). Apparently, the sequestration of split fusion proteins keeps them apart and decreases their spurious association (Supplementary information, Figure S2). Modeling experiments supported the suggested mechanism (Supplementary information, Figure S3).
To test the feasibility of this approach, we targeted a 22 nt-long accessible site in rabbit β-globin mRNA7 expressed from a plasmid (Supplementary information, Figure S4). The E. coli BL21(DE3) cells were transformed with three compatible plasmids expressing mRNA, RNA probes and fusion proteins. All components of the complex were expressed from the T7 promoters upon simultaneous induction with IPTG (for the details see Supplementary information, Data S1). The results showed that β-globin mRNA or its fragment was detected sequence-specifically in 20% of cells (Supplementary information, Figure S4D). It should be noted that the concentration of this plasmid-expressed transcript was ∼75 molecules per cell (Supplementary information, Figure S5), which is at least one order of magnitude higher than the average concentrations of endogenous bacterial mRNAs. Therefore, the endogenous PstC mRNA expressed from its natural chromosomal site was chosen as the next target. PstC protein is an integral transmembrane transporter. It is a part of the pst operon consisting of 5 genes that mediate translocation of inorganic phosphorus, Pi, through the inner membrane8,9. At normal Pi concentrations, genes from the pst operon are expressed at a low level from the internal promoters, but under phosphate shortage transcription is induced and is initiated at a promoter located upstream of the first gene in the operon, PstS8. Based on Mfold analysis of the secondary structure of PstC mRNA, the 5′ end has been chosen as a most accessible binding site (Figure 1B). The probe containing corresponding antisense sequences was transformed into E. coli cells together with the plasmid pMB53 expressing fusion proteins, A-F1 and B-F2. The cells were grown in media with normal concentration of Pi (2.2 mM) or in media with limited phosphate (0.2 mM). Under normal phosphate conditions, cell fluorescence was only marginally higher than the negative controls (cells expressing fusion proteins and the probes to the β-globin mRNA), while under limited phosphate the average fluorescence increased by about 5-fold as compared to cells grown under normal phosphate concentrations (Figure 1D). This increase in fluorescence correlated with the increase in PstC mRNA concentration as determined by RT-PCR (Supplementary information, Figure S5B). At the same time, fluorescence of the negative control cells expressing probes against β-globin mRNA was the same in both high and low phosphate media. Quantitative analyses of single cell fluorescence correlated with FACS results (Figure 1D and 1E).
Microscope images revealed single or several punctate fluorescent signals in about 8% of the cells grown in normal phosphate that were not seen in the control cells (Figure 1F). When the cells were grown in low phosphate media, about 15% of cells revealed signal with a population of cells with oversaturated levels of fluorescence. Inspection of these cells with lower exposure time confirmed similar localization of RNA in small focal points (Supplementary information, Figure S6).
To verify PstC mRNA localization by an alternative method, we performed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 38 TAMRA-labeled probes (Stellaris) specific for this mRNA (Figure 1G and Supplementary information, Table S7, Figure S7). FISH images of the cells grown in normal Pi conditions did not show any signal, while FISH images of the cells grown in phosphate-depleted media revealed characteristic signals in about 25% of the cells very similar to the signals obtained in live cells (Figure 1G).
Thus, our results demonstrate that in live cells we detected signal from PstC mRNA with the average RNA concentration of ≤ 1 molecule per cell. The fluorescence quenching results show abrupt bleaching of the signals (Supplementary information, Figure S8) supporting our hypothesis on single-molecule sensitivity. At the same time, FISH with Stellaris probes was unable to reveal the signal at low PstC mRNA concentration. These results underscore the limitations of hybridization methods that use probes with constitutive fluorescent signal, which require washing steps to reveal the specific signal. These limitations of the pre-labeled probes have motivated the efforts to develop molecular sensors that display signal in the presence of the analyte only3.
We explain the high sensitivity of the new method by the combination of three factors. First, protein complementation reduces fluorescent background by 10-100-fold as compared to the full-size FPs4,10. Second, the mechanism of split protein sequestration by the RNA probes prevents split protein reassociation in the absence of the target RNA, leading to additional 4-5-fold background reduction. Third, PstC mRNA is localized, therefore its fluorescence signal is not spread to the entire cell by diffusion during the image acquisition time and is not overwhelmed by cellular autofluorescence. The fact that PstC mRNA localization patterns revealed by FISH and our new method look similar suggests that the labeling complex does not interfere with the normal RNA localization. DNA labeling with Hoechst dye showed that PstC mRNA does not co-localize with the bulk DNA in both live and fixed cells (Supplementary information, Figure S9). That provides additional assurance that the live cell imaging reflects proper RNA localization. We should emphasize that our method unlike other approaches does not require any RNA modification and it targets short (25-30 nt) RNA sequences. This makes this method applicable not only for mRNA detection but also for other RNA species including short ncRNAs.
Our experiments revealed distinct localization patterns of the PstC mRNA in E. coli cells, adding more evidence to the growing data on spatial localization of several bacterial mRNAs11,12,13. Further experiments are in progress to address the mechanism of PstC mRNA localization.
To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first example of RNA-templated reassembly of split aptamers in vivo, which increases the set of tools for the regulated manipulation of a signal depending on the presence of a user-defined RNA target.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Meni Wanunu and Andrey Ivankin (Northeastern University, USA) for help with the quenching experiments, and to Maxim Frank-Kamenetskii and Dimitry Beglov for valuable comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by the NSF grant (1050609) to NEB.
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( Supplementary information is linked to the online version of the paper on the Cell Research website.)
Supplementary information
Supplementary information, Data S1
Supplementary text (PDF 92 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S1
Two different designs of the RNA probes. (PDF 154 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S2
Suggested mechanism of the fluorescent RNP complex formation. (PDF 76 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S3
Computational modeling of the aptamer/eIF4A RNP complex. (PDF 79 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S4
Detection of β-globin mRNA in live E. coli cells. (PDF 77 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S5
Quantification of RNA and protein components of the RNP complexes. (PDF 71 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S6
Oversaturated fluorescent signal masks localization of the PstC mRNA in E. coli cells. (PDF 44 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S7
RNA FISH of the PstC mRNA with 38 Stellaris probes labeled with TAMRA. (PDF 24 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S8
Spot fluorescence traces show stepwise bleaching. (PDF 105 kb)
Supplementary information, Figure S9
PstC mRNA localization in live cells and in FISH look similar and the signal does not overlap with nucleoid DNA. (PDF 50 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S1
Primers and templates (5′-3′) (PDF 18 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S2
Plasmids used in this study (PDF 20 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S3
Cell lines used in this study (PDF 12 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S4
Sequences of the mutant eIF4A aptamers used in this study (mutations are in bold) (PDF 8 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S5
Sequences of the mRNA target sites. A split site is indicated by the underscore mark. (PDF 14 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S6
Primers used for mutagenesis of the pTT05 plasmid (Table S2) to create probes for PstC mRNA (antisense sequences shown in bold) (PDF 9 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S7
List of the 5′-TAMRA labeled Stellaris probes for PstC mRNA used for RNA FISH (PDF 12 kb)
Supplementary information, Table S8
Occupation probabilities above and at the single-molecule limit (PDF 23 kb)
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Toran, P., Smolina, I., Driscoll, H. et al. Labeling native bacterial RNA in live cells. Cell Res 24, 894–897 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2014.47
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2014.47
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