Abstract
Aim:
To characterize the molecular mechanisms of nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia.
Methods:
After administration of nitrofen to cultured type IIA549 pneumocytes, cell proliferation and DNA synthesis were investigated by 3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetry, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Apoptosis was measured by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling, acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis-related genes was assayed by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and Western blot.
Results:
Nitrofen inhibited the cell proliferation of A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by downregulation of PCNA. As a result, the DNA synthesis of nitrofentreated A549 cells decreased, while cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase. Moreover, nitrofen induced apoptosis of A549 cells, which was not abolished by Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OCH3)- fluoromethylketone. In addition, nitrofen decreased the expression of Bcl-xL, but not of Bcl-2, Bax, and Bak, resulting in a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Meanwhile, nitrofen strongly activated the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK). Pretreatment of cells with SB203580 (5 μmol/L) blocked nitrofen-induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and abolished nitrofen-induced AIF translocation and apoptosis in A549 cells.
Conclusion:
Nitrofen suppresses the proliferation of cultured type II pneumocytes accompanied by the downregulation of PCNA, and induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis involving the activation of p38-MAPK.
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Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 30200284) and the Science Foundation of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (No 2005-120).
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Tong, Qs., Zheng, Ld., Tang, St. et al. Nitrofen suppresses cell proliferation and promotes mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in type II pneumocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 28, 672–684 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00552.x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00552.x
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