Abstract
The dual role of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), as antigenic peptide chaperone and danger signal, makes it especially important in dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination. In this study, we investigated the impacts of apoptotic transgenic MCA/HSP tumor cells expressing HSP70 on DC maturation, T-cell stimulation and vaccine efficacy. We found that DCs with phagocytosis of MCA/HSP in early phase of apoptosis expressed more pMHC I complexes, stimulated stronger cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses (40% specific killing at an E:T cell ratio of 50) and induced immune protection in 90% of mice against MCA tumor cell challenge, compared with 25% specific CTL killing activity and 60% immune protection seen in mice immunized with DC with phagocytosis of MCA/HSP in late phase of apoptosis (P<0.05). Similar results were confirmed in another EG7 tumor model also expressing HSP70. Taken together, our data demonstrate that HSP70 on apoptotic tumor cells stimulate DC maturation, and DC with phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells expressing HSP70 in early phase of apoptosis more efficiently induced tumor-specific CTL responses and immunity than DCs with phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells in late phase of apoptosis. These results may have an important impact in designing DC-based antitumor vaccines.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banchereau J, Steinman RM . Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998; 392: 245–252.
Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A . Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J Exp Med 1995; 182: 389–400.
Regnault A, Lankar D, Lacabanne V, Rodriguez A, Thery C, Rescigno M . Fcgamma receptor-mediated induction of dendritic cell maturation and major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation after immune complex internalization. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 371–380.
Mahnke K, Guo M, Lee S, Sepulveda H, Swain SL, Nussenzweig M . The dendritic cell receptor for endocytosis, DEC-205, can recycle and enhance antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class II-positive lysosomal compartments. J Cell Biol 2000; 151: 673–684.
Matzinger P . Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 1994; 12: 991–1045.
Albert ML, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N . Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 1998; 392: 86–89.
Albert ML, Pearce SF, Francisco LM, Sauter B, Roy P, Silverstein RL . Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 1359–1368.
Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Rose DM, Pearson A, Ezekewitz RA, Henson PM . A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells. Nature 2000; 405: 85–90.
Basu S, Binder RJ, Ramalingam T, Srivastava PK . CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity 2001; 14: 303–313.
Delneste Y, Magistrelli G, Gauchat J, Haeuw J, Aubry J, Nakamura K . Involvement of LOX-1 in dendritic cell-mediated antigen cross-presentation. Immunity 2002; 17: 353–362.
Henry F, Boisteau O, Bretaudeau L, Lieubeau B, Meflah K, Gregoire M . Antigen-presenting cells that phagocytose apoptotic tumor-derived cells are potent tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3329–3332.
Sauter B, Albert ML, Francisco L, Larsson M, Somersan S, Bhardwaj N . Consequences of cell death: exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191: 423–434.
Basu S, Binder RJ, Suto R, Anderson KM, Srivastava PK . Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappa B pathway. Int Immunol 2000; 12: 1539–1546.
Kotera Y, Shimizu K, Mule JJ . Comparative analysis of necrotic and apoptotic tumor cells as a source of antigen(s) in dendritic cell-based immunization. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 8105–8109.
Scheffer SR, Nave H, Korangy F, Schlote K, Pabst R, Jaffee EM . Apoptotic, but not necrotic, tumor cell vaccines induce a potent immune response in vivo. Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 205–211.
Goldszmid RS, Idoyaga J, Bravo AI, Steinman R, Mordoh J, Wainstok R . Dendritic cells charged with apoptotic tumor cells induce long-lived protective CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity against B16 melanoma. J Immunol 2003; 171: 5940–5947.
Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, Freed PW, Westcott JY, Henson PM . Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 890–898.
Voll RE, Herrmann M, Roth EA, Stach C, Kalden JR, Girkontaite I . Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 1997; 390: 350–351.
Steinman RM, Turley S, Mellman I, Inaba K . The induction of tolerance by dendritic cells that have captured apoptotic cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191: 411–416.
Liu K, Iyoda T, Saternus M, Kimura Y, Inaba K, Steinman RM . Immune tolerance after delivery of dying cells to dendritic cells in situ. J Exp Med 2002; 196: 1091–1097.
Ochsenbein AF, Klenerman P, Karrer U, Ludewig B, Pericin M, Hengartner H . Immune surveillance against a solid tumor fails because of immunological ignorance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 2233–2238.
Ponner BB, Stach C, Zoller O, Hagenhofer M, Voll R, Kalden JR . Induction of apoptosis reduces immunogenicity of human T-cell lines in mice. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47: 343–347.
Thompson CB . Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456–1462.
Chen Z, Moyana T, Saxena A, Warrington R, Jia Z, Xiang J . Efficient antitumor immunity derived from maturation of dendritic cells that had phagocytosed apoptotic/necrotic tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2001; 93: 539–548.
Li M, Davey GM, Sutherland RM, Kurts C, Lew AM, Hirst C . Cell-associated ovalbumin is cross-presented much more efficiently than soluble ovalbumin in vivo. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6099–6103.
Porgador A, Yewdell JW, Deng Y, Bennink JR, Germain RN . Localization, quantitation, and in situ detection of specific peptide-MHC class I complexes using a monoclonal antibody. Immunity 1997; 6: 715–726.
Chen Z, Huang H, Chang T, Carlsen S, Saxena A, Marr R . Enhanced HER-2/neu-specific antitumor immunity by cotransduction of mouse dendritic cells with two genes encoding HER-2/neu and alpha tumor necrosis factor. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9: 778–786.
Chen Z, Xia D, Bi X, Saxena A, Sidhu N, El-Gayed A . Combined radiation therapy and dendritic cell vaccine for treating solid tumors with liver micro-metastasis. J Gene Med 2005; 7: 506–517.
Xiang J, Huang H, Liu Y . A new dynamic model of CD8+ T effector cell responses via CD4+ T helper-antigen-presenting cells. J Immunol 2005; 174: 7497–7505.
Chen Z, Gordon JR, Zhang X, Xiang J . Analysis of the gene expression profiles of immature versus mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells using DNA arrays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290: 66–72.
Inaba K, Young JW, Steinman RM . Direct activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 182–194.
Guan B, Yue P, Clayman GL, Sun SY . Evidence that the death receptor DR4 is a DNA damage-inducible, p53-regulated gene. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188: 98–105.
Friedman EJ . Immune modulation by ionizing radiation and its implications for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8: 1765–1780.
Schumacher B, Hofmann K, Boulton S, Gartner A . The C. elegans homolog of the p53 tumor suppressor is required for DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Curr Biol 2001; 11: 1722–1727.
Medzhitov R, Janeway Jr CA . Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 1997; 91: 295–298.
Somersan S, Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Basu S, Srivastava P, Bhardwaj N . Primary tumor tissue lysates are enriched in heat shock proteins and induce the maturation of human dendritic cells. J Immunol 2001; 167: 4844–4852.
Feng H, Zeng Y, Whitesell L, Katsanis E . Stressed apoptotic tumor cells express heat shock proteins and elicit tumor-specific immunity. Blood 2001; 97: 3505–3512.
DeLeo AB, Srivastava PK . Cell surface antigens of chemically induced sarcomas of murine origin. Cancer Surv 1985; 4: 21–34.
Tamura Y, Peng P, Liu K, Daou M, Srivastava PK . Immunotherapy of tumors with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein preparations. Science 1997; 278: 117–120.
Kovalchin JT, Murthy AS, Horattas MC, Guyton DP, Chandawarkar RY . Determinants of efficacy of immunotherapy with tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96. Cancer Immun 2001; 1: 7.
Janetzki S, Palla D, Rosenhauer V, Lochs H, Lewis JJ, Srivastava PK . Immunization of cancer patients with autologous cancer-derived heat shock protein gp96 preparations: a pilot study. Int J Cancer 2000; 88: 232–238.
Belli F, Testori A, Rivoltini L, Maio M, Andreola G, Sertoli MR . Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96®-peptide complexes: clinical and immunologic findings. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 4169–4180.
Roman E, Moreno C . Synthetic peptides non-covalently bound to bacterial hsp 70 elicit peptide-specific T-cell responses in vivo. Immunology 1996; 88: 487–492.
Blachere NE, Li Z, Chandawarkar RY, Suto R, Jaikaria NS, Basu S . Heat shock protein-peptide complexes, reconstituted in vitro, elicit peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1315–1322.
Bausinger H, Lipsker D, Ziylan U, Manie S, Briand JP, Cazenave JP . Endotoxin-free heat-shock protein 70 fails to induce APC activation. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32: 3708–3713.
Gao B, Tsan MF . Endotoxin contamination in recombinant human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) preparation is responsible for the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha release by murine macrophages. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 174–179.
Todryk S, Melcher AA, Hardwick N, Linardakis E, Bateman A, Colombo MP . Heat shock protein 70 induced during tumor cell killing induces Th1 cytokines and targets immature dendritic cell precursors to enhance antigen uptake. J Immunol 1999; 163: 1398–1408.
Wang XY, Li Y, Manjili MH, Repasky EA, Pardoll DM, Subjeck JR . Hsp110 overexpression increases the immunogenicity of the murine CT26 colon tumor. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002; 51: 311–319.
Jaattela M . Over-expression of hsp70 confers tumorigenicity to mouse fibrosarcoma cells. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 689–693.
Jaattela M . Escaping cell death: survival proteins in cancer. Exp Cell Res 1999; 248: 30–43.
Zheng H, Dai J, Stoilova D, Li Z . Cell surface targeting of heat shock protein gp96 induces dendritic cell maturation and antitumor immunity. J Immunol 2001; 167: 6731–6735.
Chen X, Tao Q, Yu H, Zhang L, Cao X . Tumor cell membrane-bound heat shock protein 70 elicits antitumor immunity. Immunol Lett 2002; 84: 81–87.
Flohe SB, Bruggemann J, Lendemans S, Nikulina M, Meierhoff G, Flohe S . Human heat shock protein 60 induces maturation of dendritic cells versus a Th1-promoting phenotype. J Immunol 2003; 170: 2340–2348.
Millar DG, Garza KM, Odermatt B, Elford AR, Ono N, Li Z . Hsp70 promotes antigen-presenting cell function and converts T-cell tolerance to autoimmunity in vivo. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1469–1476.
Wan T, Zhou X, Chen G, An H, Chen T, Zhang W . Novel heat shock protein Hsp70L1 activates dendritic cells and acts as a Th1 polarizing adjuvant. Blood 2004; 103: 1747–1754.
Asea A, Rehli M, Kabingu E, Boch JA, Bare O, Auron PE . Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 15028–15034.
Vabulas RM, Braedel S, Hilf N, Singh-Jasuja H, Herter S, Ahmad-Nejad P . The endoplasmic reticulum-resident heat shock protein Gp96 activates dendritic cells via the Toll-like receptor 2/4 pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 20847–20853.
Asea A, Kraeft SK, Kurt-Jones EA, Stevenson MA, Chen LB, Finberg RW . HSP70 stimulates cytokine production through a CD14-dependant pathway, demonstrating its dual role as a chaperone and cytokine. Nat Med 2000; 6: 435–442.
Chandawarkar RY, Wagh MS, Srivastava PK . The dual nature of specific immunological activity of tumor-derived gp96 preparations. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 1437–1442.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by research grants (MOP 63259 and 67230) from the Canadian Institute of Health Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chan, T., Chen, Z., Hao, S. et al. Enhanced T-cell immunity induced by dendritic cells with phagocytosis of heat shock protein 70 gene-transfected tumor cells in early phase of apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 14, 409–420 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7701025
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7701025
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Human amniotic epithelial cells exert anti-cancer effects through secretion of immunomodulatory small extracellular vesicles (sEV)
Cancer Cell International (2022)
-
Rhamnogalacturonan II is a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist that inhibits tumor growth by activating dendritic cell-mediated CD8+ T cells
Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2013)
-
Anti-tumor immune responses in immune-reconstituted mice injected with a tumor vaccine
Medical Oncology (2012)
-
How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews (2011)
-
Abrogation of Local Cancer Recurrence After Radiofrequency Ablation by Dendritic Cell-based Hyperthermic Tumor Vaccine
Molecular Therapy (2009)