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Low-frequency divergent X-ray variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC4051

Abstract

The X-ray emission from NGC4051, a nearby low luminosity Type 1 Seyfert galaxy, exhibits variations that are both rapid and apparently quasi-periodic1,2. Many Seyfert galaxies are variable3 but our knowledge of the form of variability has not advanced substantially since early well-resolved observations4 and attempts at statistical description5. Here we report an uninterrupted 62-h observation of NGC4051 with the EXOSAT observatory, giving an order of magnitude improvement in the quality of the time series, allowing comparison with X-ray binaries. The observed power spectral density is roughly proportional to 1/f, similar to Cyg X-l, and characteristic of turbulent processes. No preferred timescale or luminosity gradient has been seen so far. If this behaviour holds generally for active galactic nuclei, quantities derived from short samples will be subject to selection effects. Some naive interpretaions of variability are clearly invalid. Similar conclusions have recently been arrived at by McHardy et al. (see accompanying paper6).

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Lawrence, A., Watson, M., Pounds, K. et al. Low-frequency divergent X-ray variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC4051. Nature 325, 694–696 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1038/325694a0

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