Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Structure and organization of the human Ki-ras proto-oncogene and a related processed pseudogene

Abstract

Analysis of the organization and nucleotide sequence of two human loci related to the transforming gene of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus establishes one as a functional gene and the other as a processed pseudogene. The two final coding exons of the functional gene seem to have arisen by duplication. Differentially spliced mRNAs incorporating one or other of the duplicated exons probably served as the intermediates by which the viral transforming gene and the pseudogene were generated. This suggests that the functional gene may specify either of two related polypeptides depending on the pattern of RNA splicing.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cooper, G. M. Science 218, 801–806 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Krontiris, T. G. & Cooper, G. M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 1181–1184 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Murray, M. J. et al. Cell 25, 355–361 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Perucho, M. et al. Cell 27, 467–476 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Shimizu, K., Goldfarb, M., Perucho, M. & Wigler, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 383–387 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Pulciani, S. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2845–2849 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pulciani, S. et al. Nature 300, 539–542 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Der, C. J., Krontiris, T. G. & Cooper, G. M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 3637–3640 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Parada, L. F., Tabin, C. J., Shih, C. & Weinberg, R. A. Nature 297, 474–478 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Santos, E., Tronick, S. R., Aaronson, S. A., Pulsiani, S. & Barbacid, M. Nature 298, 343–347 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lane, M-A., Sainten, A. & Cooper, G. M. Cell 28, 873–880 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ellis, R. W. et al. Nature 292, 506–511 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Papageorge, A., Lowy, D. & Scolnick, E. M. J. Virol. 44, 509–519 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Shimizu, K. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 2112–2116 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chang, E. H., Gonda, M. A., Ellis, R. W., Scolnick, E. M. & Lowy, D. R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 4848–4852 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tabin, C. J. et al. Nature 300, 143–149 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Reddy, E. P., Reynolds, R. K., Santos, E. & Barbacid, M. Nature 300, 149–152 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Taparowsky, E. et al. Nature 300, 762–765 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Capon, D. J., Chen, E. Y., Levinson, A. D., Seeburg, P. H. & Goeddel, D. V. Nature 302, 33–37 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. McCoy, M. S. et al. Nature 302, 79–81 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. DeFeo, D. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 3328–3332 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. O'Brien, S. J., Nash, W. G., Goodwin, J. L., Lowy, D. R. & Chang, E. H. Nature 302, 839–842 (1983).

  23. Jelinek, W. R. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 1398–1402 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tsuchida, N., Ryder, T. & Ohtsubo, E. Science 217, 937–939 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mount, S. M. Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 459–472 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Hollis, G. F., Hieter, P. A., McBride, O. W., Swan, D. & Leder, P. Nature 296, 321–325 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nishioka, Y., Leder, A. & Leder, P. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 77, 2806–2809 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ziff, E. B. Nature 287, 491–499 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Early, P. et al. Cell 20, 313–319 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Young, R. A., Hagenbuchle, O. & Schibler, U. Cell 23, 451–458 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Amara, S. G., Jonas, V., Rosenfeld, M. G., Ong, E. S. & Evans, R. M. Nature 298, 240–244 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Crabtree, G. R. & Kant, J. A. Cell 31, 159–166 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. King, C. R. & Piatigorsky, J. Cell 32, 707–712 (1983).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sakaguchi, A. Y. et al. Science 219, 1081–1083 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chang, E. H., Furth, M. E., Scolnick, E. M. & Lowy, D. R. Nature 297, 479–483 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chen, M.-J., Shimada, T., Mouton, A. D., Harrison, M. & Nienhuis, A. W. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7435–7439 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wilde, C. D., Crowther, C. E., Cripe, T. P., Lee, M. G-S. & Cowan, N. J. Nature 297, 83–84 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Karin, M. & Richards, R. I. Nature 299, 797–802 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lemischka, I. & Sharp, P. A. Nature 300, 330–335 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Capon, D. J. et al. Nature 304, 507–513 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Benoist, C., O'Hare, K., Breathnach, R. & Chambon, P. Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 127–142 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Chattopadhyay, S. K. et al. Nature 296, 361–363 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. & Coulson, A. R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5463–5467 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Maxam, A. & Gilbert, W. Meth. Enzym. 65, 499–559 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lawn, R. M., Fritsch, E. F., Parker, R. C., Blake, G. & Maniatis, T. Cell 15, 1157–1174 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Benton, W. & Davis, R. Science 196, 180–182 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Taylor, J. M., Illmensee, R. & Summers, S. Biochim. biophys. Acta 442, 324–330 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Blattner, F. et al. Science 196, 161–169 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Southern, E. M. J. molec. Biol. 98, 503–517 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fogh, J., Fogh, J. M. & Orfeo, T. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 59, 221–226 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rimm, D. L., Horness, D., Kucera, J. & Blattner, F. R. Gene 12, 301–309 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Maniatis, T. et al. Cell 15, 687–701 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Messing, J., Crea, R. & Seeburg, P. H. Nucleic Acids Res. 9, 301–321 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Messing, J. & Vieira, J. Gene 19, 269–276 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McGrath, J., Capon, D., Smith, D. et al. Structure and organization of the human Ki-ras proto-oncogene and a related processed pseudogene. Nature 304, 501–506 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1038/304501a0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/304501a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing