Abstract
IT is well known1 that, in suitable flow conditions, the normal stress differences P11−p22 and p22−p33 are determined by the values of pressure, −p22, on the stationary and rotating walls of cone and plate (cp), plate and plate (pp) and concentric cylinder (cc) apparatuses. The common use of small holes (filled with static liquid) for measuring these pressures must give rise to a systematic error, pH say, where 
is the pressure recorded using a hole and −p22 is the pressure which would act on the wall if the hole were absent.
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References
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BROADBENT, J., KAYE, A., LODGE, A. et al. Possible Systematic Error in the Measurement of Normal Stress Differences in Polymer Solutions in Steady Shear Flow. Nature 217, 55–56 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1038/217055a0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/217055a0
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