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Validity of total and segmental impedance measurements for prediction of body composition across ethnic population groups

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 56, pages 214–220 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives: To test the impact of body build factors on the validity of impedance-based body composition predictions across (ethnic) population groups and to study the suitability of segmental impedance measurements.

Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Settings: Ministry of Health and School of Physical Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Subjects: A total of 291 female and male Chinese, Malays and Indian Singaporeans, aged 18–69, body mass index (BMI) 16.0–40.2 kg/ m2.

Methods: Anthropometric parameters were measured in addition to impedance (100 kHz) of the total body, arms and legs. Impedance indexes were calculated as height2/impedance. Arm length (span) and leg length (sitting height), wrist and knee width were measured from which body build indices were calculated. Total body water (TBW) was measured using deuterium oxide dilution. Extra cellular water (ECW) was measured using bromide dilution. Body fat percentage was determined using a chemical four-compartment model.

Results: The bias of TBW predicted from total body impedance index (bias: measured minus predicted TBW) was different among the three ethnic groups, TBW being significantly underestimated in Indians compared to Chinese and Malays. This bias was found to be dependent on body water distribution (ECW/TBW) and parameters of body build, mainly relative (to height) arm length. After correcting for differences in body water distribution and body build parameters the differences in bias across the ethnic groups disappeared. The impedance index using total body impedance was better correlated with TBW than the impedance index of arm or leg impedance, even after corrections for body build parameters.

Conclusions: The study shows that ethnic-specific bias of impedance-based prediction formulas for body composition is due mainly to differences in body build among the ethnic groups. This means that the use of ‘general’ prediction equations across different (ethnic) population groups without prior testing of their validity should be avoided. Total body impedance has higher predictive value than segmental impedance.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the participants participating in the study. Dr Gordon Schmidt, Mr Eddy Chong and Ms Violette Lin helped in performing the field measurements. The National Medical Research Council in Singapore funded the study. DS Medigroup, Spa, Milan, Italy, sponsored the impedance analyser.

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Author notes

  1. P Deurenberg: Guarantor: P Deurenberg.

  2. P Deurenberg, M Deurenberg-Yap and FJM Schouten: Contributors: PD and MD-Y designed the study, collected and analysed the data, and wrote the paper. FJMS analysed the deuterium and bromide samples.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. affiliated to Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, The Netherlands and Department of Human Physiology, Nutrition Consultant in Singapore, Wageningen University, University ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy

    P Deurenberg

  2. Research and Health Information Management Department, Health Promotion Board, Singapore

    M Deurenberg-Yap

  3. Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    FJM Schouten

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  1. P Deurenberg
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  2. M Deurenberg-Yap
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  3. FJM Schouten
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Correspondence to P Deurenberg.

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Deurenberg, P., Deurenberg-Yap, M. & Schouten, F. Validity of total and segmental impedance measurements for prediction of body composition across ethnic population groups. Eur J Clin Nutr 56, 214–220 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601303

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