Abstract
Nrf2 is a basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator that is essential for the coordinate transcriptional induction of various antioxidant drug-metabolizing enzymes. Numerous studies have firmly established Nrf2's importance in protection from oxidative stress and certain chemical insults. Given the protective function of Nrf2, surprisingly few studies have focused on the relationship between Nrf2 and apoptosis. Therefore, we analysed how Nrf2 influences Fas signaling using Nrf2-deficient T cells. At a concentration of 1 μg/ml, the anti-Fas antibody induced 60% of cell death in Nrf2-deficient cultured thymocytes while, using the same treatment, only 40% of Nrf2 wild-type thymocytes died (P<0.05). Nrf2 deficiency enhances the sensitivity of Fas-mediated apoptosis in T cells. Next we examined the effect of Nrf2 deficiency during hepatocellular apoptosis in vivo. In comparison to wild-type mice, Nrf2-deficient mice displayed more severe hepatitis after induction with the anti-Fas antibody or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The enhanced sensitivity to anti-Fas or TNF-α stimulation was restored by preadministration of glutathione ethyl monoester, a compound capable of passing the cell membrane and upregulating the intracellular levels of glutathione. The results indicated that Nrf2 activity regulates the sensitivity of death signals by means of intracellular glutathione levels.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, the Japanese Society for Promotion of Sciences (RFTF), Core Research for Evolutional Sciences and Technology (CREST), and Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences (PROBRAIN). We thank Vincent Kelly (Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd) for their help and discussion and N Kaneko (University of Tsukuba) for their excellent assistance.
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Morito, N., Yoh, K., Itoh, K. et al. Nrf2 regulates the sensitivity of death receptor signals by affecting intracellular glutathione levels. Oncogene 22, 9275–9281 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207024
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