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Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen and radiation-induced signal transduction mechanisms

Oncogene volume 22, pages 5734–5754 (2003)Cite this article

Abstract

In the past few years, nuclear DNA damage-sensing mechanisms activated by ionizing radiation have been identified, including ATM/ATR and the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Less is known about sensing mechanisms for cytoplasmic ionization events and how these events influence nuclear processes. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in cytoprotection and mutagenesis. For cytoplasmic signaling, radiation-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are essential activators of these pathways. This review summarizes recent studies on the chemistry of radiation-induced ROS/RNS generation and emphasizes interactions between ROS and RNS and the relative roles of cellular ROS/RNS generators as amplifiers of the initial ionization events. Cellular mechanisms for regulating ROS/RNS levels are discussed. The mechanisms by which cells sense ROS/RNS are examined in terms of how ROS/RNS modify protein structure and function, for example, interactions with metal–thiol clusters, protein tyrosine nitration, protein cysteine oxidation, S-thiolation and S-nitrosylation. We propose that radiation-induced ROS are the initiators and that nitric oxide (NO•) or derivatives are the effectors activating these signal transduction pathways. In responding to cellular ionization events, the cell converts an oxidative signal to a nitrosative one because ROS are too reactive and unspecific in their reactions for regulatory purposes and the cell is equipped to precisely modulate NO• levels.

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Acknowledgements

The authors' work was supported by the United States Public Health Service Grants CA65896, CA72955 and CA89055 (RBM), and Cancer Research UK (PW).

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  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, 23298, VA, USA

    Ross B Mikkelsen

  2. Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, HA6 2JR, UK

    Peter Wardman

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Mikkelsen, R., Wardman, P. Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen and radiation-induced signal transduction mechanisms. Oncogene 22, 5734–5754 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206663

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