Abstract
More than 50 years ago, Papanicolaou recognized the importance of a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cystoscopy, however, has remained the ‘gold standard’ since no currently available non-invasive method can compete with cystoscopy's sensitivity and specificity. The detection of the ribonucleoprotein telomerase or the telomerase subunits human telomerase RNA (hTR) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in urine samples offer new diagnostic perspectives. The present article presents a review of publications in the literature and evaluates their clinical relevance. The experimental studies reported to date are very promising and show that telomerase exactly fulfils the requirements for a good diagnostic marker for carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The diagnostic application remains in an experimental stage and telomerase is still several steps away for routine use as a clinical parameter. The remaining steps leading to its routine clinical application will be discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 50 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $5.18 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abel PD . 1988 Br. J. Urol. 62: 103–109
Arai Y, Yajima T, Yagihashi A, Kobayashi D, Kameshima H, Sasaki M, Tanaka K, Kuwajima K, Miyao N, Tsukamoto T, Watanabe N . 2000 Clin. Chim. Acta 296: 35–44
Avilion AA, Piatyszek MA, Gupta J, Shay JW, Bacchetti S, Greider CW . 1996 Cancer Res. 56: 645–650
Bialkowska-Hobrzanska H, Bowles L, Bukala B, Joseph MG, Fletcher R, Razvi H . 2000 Mol. Diagn. 5: 267–277
Cassel A, Rahat MA, Lahat N, Lindenfeld N, Mecz Y, Stein A . 2001 J. Urol. 166: 841–844
Dalbagni G, Han W, Zhang ZF, Cordon-Cardo C, Saigo P, Fair WR, Herr H, Kim N, Moore MAS . 1997 Clin. Cancer Res. 3: 1593–1598
de Kok JB, Ruers TJ, van Muijen GN, van Bokhoven A, Willems HL, Swinkels DW . 2000c Clin. Chem. 46: 313–318
de Kok JB, Schalken JA, Aalders TW, Ruers TJ, Willems HL, Swinkels DW . 2000b Int. J. Cancer 87: 217–220
de Kok JB, van Balken MR, Ruers TJ, Swinkels DW, Klein Gunnewiek JM . 2000a Clin. Chem. 46: 2014–2015
Duncan RE, Bennett DW, Evans AT, Aron BS, Schellhas HF . 1977 J. Urol. 118: 43–45
Feng J, Funk WD, Wang SS, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu CP, Adams RR, Chang E, Allsopp RC, Yu J . 1995 Science 269: 1236–1241
Gamarra MC, Zein T . 1984 Urology 23: 23–26
Gelmini S, Crisci A, Salvadori B, Pazzagli M, Selli C, Orlando C . 2000 Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 2771–2776
Harrington L, Zhou W, McPhail T, Oulton R, Yeung DS, Mar V, Bass MB, Robinson MO . 1997 Genes Dev. 11: 3109–3115
Heine B, Hummel M, Demel G, Stein H . 1998 J. Pathol. 185: 139–144
Heney NM, Ahmed S, Flanagan MJ, Frable W, Corder MP, Hafermann MD, Hawkins IR . 1983 J. Urol. 130: 1083–1086
Hiyama T, Yokozaki H, Kitadai Y, Haruma K, Yasui W, Kajiyama G, Tahara E . 1999 Virchows Arch. 434: 483–487
Ito H, Kyo S, Kanaya T, Takakura M, Inoue M, Namiki M . 1998a Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 1603–1608
Ito H, Kyo S, Kanaya T, Takakura M, Koshida K, Namiki M, Inoue M . 1998b Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 2807–2810
Kamata S, Kageyama Y, Yonese J, Oshima H . 1996 Br. J. Urol. 78: 704–708
Kavaler E, Landman J, Chang Y, Droller MJ, Liu BC . 1998 Cancer 82: 708–714
Kilian A, Bowtell DD, Abud HE, Hime GR, Venter DJ, Keese PK, Duncan EL, Reddel RR, Jefferson RA . 1997 Hum. Mol. Genet. 6: 2011–2019
Kim NW . 1997 Eur. J. Cancer. 33: 781–786
Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, Coviello GM, Wright WE, Weinrich SL, Shay JW . 1994 Science 266: 2011–2015
Kinoshita H, Ogawa O, Kakehi Y, Mishina M, Mitsumori K, Itoh N, Yamada H, Terachi T, Yoshida O . 1997 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 724–730
Kitsukawa SI, Ohyashiki K, Yahata N, Ebihara Y, Aizawa T, Ito T, Miki M . 1999 Int. J. Oncol. 15: 505–510
Kriegmair M, Baumgartner R, Knuchel R, Stepp H, Hofstadter F, Hofstetter A . 1996 J. Urol. 155: 105–109
Kuniyasu H, Domen T, Hamamoto T, Yokozaki H, Yasui W, Tahara H, Tahara E . 1997 Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 88: 103–107
Kyo S, Kunimi K, Uchibayashi T, Namiki M, Inoue M . 1997 Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 107: 555–560
Lancelin F, Anidjar M, Villette JM, Soliman A, Teillac P, Le Duc A, Fiet J, Cussenot O . 2000 BJU. Int. 85: 526–531
Lee DH, Yang SC, Hong SJ, Chung BH, Kim IY . 1998 Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 535–538
Lin Y, Miyamoto H, Fujinami K, Uemura H, Hosaka M, Iwasaki Y, Kubota Y . 1996 Clin. Cancer Res. 2: 929–932
Linn JF, Lango M, Halachmi S, Schoenberg MP, Sidransky D . 1997 Int. J. Cancer 74: 625–629
Maitra A, Rathi A, Gazdar AF, Sagalowsky A, Ashfaq R . 2001 Cancer 93: 73–79
Mao L, Schoenberg MP, Scicchitano M, Erozan YS, Merlo A, Schwab D, Sidransky D . 1996 Science 271: 659–662
Mayfield MP, Shah T, Flannigan GM, Hamilton Stewart PA, Bibby MC . 1998 Int. J. Mol. Med. 1: 835–840
Meyerson M, Counter CM, Eaton EN, Ellisen LW, Steiner P, Caddle SD, Ziaugra L, Beijersbergen RL, Davidoff MJ, Liu Q, Bacchetti S, Haber DA, Weinberg RA . 1997 Cell 90: 785–795
Morrison AS, Buring JE, Verhoek WG, Aoki K, Leck I, Ohno Y, Obata K . 1984 J. Urol. 131: 650–654
Müller M, Heine B, Heicappell R, Emrich T, Hummel M, Stein H, Miller K . 1996 Int. J. Oncol. 9: 1169–1173
Müller M, Krause H, Heicappell R, Tischendorf J, Shay JW, Miller K . 1998 Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 1949–1954
Nakamura TM, Morin GB, Chapman KB, Weinrich SL, Andrews WH, Lingner J, Harley CB, Cech TR . 1997 Science 277: 955–959
Papanicolaou GN, Marshall VF . 1945 Science 101: 519–523
Rahat MA, Lahat N, Gazawi H, Resnick MB, Sova Y, Ben Ari G, Cohen M, Stein A . 1999 Cancer 85: 919–924
Ramakumar S, Bhuiyan J, Besse JA, Roberts SG, Wollan PC, Blute ML, O'Kane DJ . 1999 J. Urol. 161: 388–394
Rehn L . 1895 Arch. Clin. Chir. 50: 588–600
Sallinen P, Miettinen H, Sallinen SL, Haapasalo H, Helin H, Kononen J . 1997 Am. J. Pathol. 150: 1159–1164
Shay JW, Bacchetti S . 1997 Eur. J. Cancer 33: 787–791
Soder AI, Hoare SF, Muir S, Going JJ, Parkinson EK, Keith WN . 1997 Oncogene 14: 1013–1021
Wu YY, Hruszkewycz AM, Delgado RM, Yang A, Vortmeyer AO, Moon YW, Weil RJ, Zhuang Z, Remaley AT . 2000 Clin. Chim. Acta 293: 199–212
Yamamoto M, Wu HH, Momose H, Rademaker A, Oyasu R . 1992 Cancer Res 52: 5329–5333
Yashima K, Piatyszek MA, Saboorian HM, Virmani AK, Brown D, Shay JW, Gazdar AF . 1997 J. Clin. Pathol. 50: 110–117
Yokota K, Kanda K, Inoue Y, Kanayama H, Kagawa S . 1998 Br. J. Urol. 82: 727–732
Yoshida K, Sugino T, Tahara H, Woodman A, Bolodeoku J, Nargund V, Fellows G, Goodison S, Tahara E, Tarin D . 1997 Cancer 79: 362–369
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Müller, M. Telomerase: Its clinical relevance in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Oncogene 21, 650–655 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205071
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205071
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Expression and biological-clinical significance of hTR, hTERT and CKS2 in washing fluids of patients with bladder cancer
BMC Urology (2010)
-
CK20 and Ki-67 as significant prognostic factors in human bladder carcinoma
Clinical and Experimental Medicine (2010)
-
Molekulare Diagnostik in der urologischen Onkologie
Der Urologe (2003)