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  • Original Article
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Human adipose tissue macrophages are of an anti-inflammatory phenotype but capable of excessive pro-inflammatory mediator production

International Journal of Obesity volume 31, pages 1420–1428 (2007)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective:

Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation and an increased abundance of macrophages in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are assumed to interfere with adipocyte function leading to insulin resistance, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages exist in separate types of differentiation, but the nature of ATMs is largely unknown.

Design and measurements:

Stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and ATMs were isolated from human adipose tissues from different locations. We characterized ATMs phenotypically and functionally by flow cytometry, endocytosis assay and determination of secreted cytokines. For comparison, we used macrophages of the ‘classical’ (M1) and the ‘alternative’, anti-inflammatory (M2) type differentiated in vitro from peripheral blood monocytes.

Results:

Like prototypic M2 macrophages, ATMs expressed considerable amounts of mannose receptor, haemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 and integrin αvβ5. The number of cells expressing these molecules correlated significantly with the donors’ body mass indices (BMIs). Notably, SVCs positive for the common monocyte/macrophage marker CD14 contained a considerable fraction of blood monocytes, the abundance of which did not correlate with the BMIs, pointing to the requirement of the surface markers identified here for the identification of ATMs. ATMs showed endocytic activities similar to M2 macrophages and accordingly secreted high amounts of IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist. However, basal and induced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, MCP-1 and MIP-1α was even higher in ATMs than in pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages.

Conclusion:

ATMs comprise a particular macrophage type that is M2-like by surface marker expression, but they are competent to produce extensive amounts of inflammatory cytokines, which could considerably contribute to the development of insulin resistance.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Margarethe Merio and Bianca Weissenhorn for their excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (P18776-B11 to TMS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    M Zeyda, D Farmer, J Todoric & T M Stulnig

  2. Clinical Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    O Aszmann

  3. Clinical Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    M Speiser & G Györi

  4. Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    G J Zlabinger

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  1. M Zeyda
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  2. D Farmer
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Correspondence to T M Stulnig.

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Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on International Journal of Obesity website (http://www.nature.com/ijo)

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Zeyda, M., Farmer, D., Todoric, J. et al. Human adipose tissue macrophages are of an anti-inflammatory phenotype but capable of excessive pro-inflammatory mediator production. Int J Obes 31, 1420–1428 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803632

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