Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The role of the melanocortin system in the feeding effects of peripheral peptide YY3–36 (PYY3–36) and ghrelin was investigated using the agouti (Ay/a) mouse as a model of abnormal melanocortin signalling. Furthermore, we examined whether the ectopic expression of agouti protein in Ay/a mice results in complete MC4-R inhibition, by studying the effects of peripheral alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin on food intake.
DESIGN: Adult Ay/a mice were studied in the pre-obese state (7–8 weeks) and obese state (14–15 weeks). Animals received PYY3–36 (0.02 μmol/kg), NDP-α-MSH (0.2 μmol/kg), leptin (2 μmol/kg) (all 24 h fasted state) and ghrelin (0.2 μmol/kg) (fed state) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Age-matched Ay/a controls received i.p. saline. A separate cohort of wild-type (WT), age-matched controls received the same peptide dose or saline. Food intake was measured at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h post-injection and compared in all four groups. Plasma leptin-, ghrelin- and PYY-like immunoreactivity (IR) were measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA).
RESULTS: At 2 h post-injection, PYY3–36 reduced food intake in pre-obese and obese Ay/a mice, whereas ghrelin had no effect. Plasma ghrelin levels were significantly reduced in pre-obese and obese Ay/a mice compared to WT controls. Peripheral administration of NDP-α-MSH and leptin acutely suppressed feeding (0–2 h) in pre-obese and obese Ay/a mice.
CONCLUSIONS: Responsiveness of pre-obese and obese Ay/a mice to PYY3–36 suggests that the melanocortin system may not be essential for the anorectic effects of this peptide. Melanocortinergic antagonism by agouti protein in Ay/a mice may be sufficient to block the effects of endogenous, but not exogenous PYY3–36, α-MSH and leptin. The mechanism underlying ghrelin resistance in Ay/a mice may result from antagonism of hypothalamic melanocortin receptors-4 by agouti protein, supporting a role for the melanocortin system in mediating ghrelin's actions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank K Murphy, K Smith and A Wren for their helpful comments while reading this manuscript. NMM is a Wellcome Trust Clinical Training Fellow. This work is supported by an MRC programme Grant G7811974 (Bloom, Ghatei and Small).
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Martin, N., Small, C., Sajedi, A. et al. Pre-obese and obese agouti mice are sensitive to the anorectic effects of peptide YY3–36 but resistant to ghrelin. Int J Obes 28, 886–893 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802646
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802646
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