Aim:

To investigate possible correlation factors for prostate cancer by a population-based case-control study in China.

Methods:

We carried out a mass screening of prostate cancer in Changchun, China, using a prostate-specific antigen assisted by Japan International Cooperation Agency. From June 1998 to December 2000, 3 940 men over 50 years old were screened. Of these, 29 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer. We selected 28 cases and matched them with controls of low prostate-specific antigen value (< 4.1 ng/mL) by 1: 10 according to age and place of employment. A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer was then carried out.

Results:

After adjustment for education, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, marriage and diet, intake of soybean product was discovered to be inversely related to prostate cancer. Men who consumed soybean product more than twice per week on different days had a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 0.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–1.12). In addition, men who consumed soybean products more than once per day had a multivariate OR of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.11–0.79) compared with men who consumed soybean products less than once per week. The P for trend was 0.02, which showed significant difference. There was no significant difference in P trend for any dairy food. Even when we matched the cases and controls by other criteria, we found that soybean food was the only preventive factor associated with prostate cancer.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that consumption of soybeans, one of the most popular foods in Asia, would decrease the risk of prostate cancer.

References

1. López-Otín C, Diamandis EP. Breast and prostate cancer: an analysis of common epidemiological, genetic, and biochemical features. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 365–6. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
2. Hara N, Kitamura Y, Saito T, Komatsubara S. Total and free prostate-specific antigen indexes in prostate cancer screening: value and limitation for Japanese populations. Asian J Androl 2006; 8: 429–34. | Article | PubMed |
3. Gao HW, Li YL, Wu S, Wang YS, Zhang HF, Pan YZ, et al. Mass screening of prostate cancer in a Chinese population: the relationship between pathological features of prostate cancer and serum prostate specific antigen. Asian J Androl 2005; 7: 159–63. | Article | PubMed | ISI |
4. Cao XL, Gao JP, Han G, Tang J, Hong BF. Relationship between screening by stratifying cases into groups on prostate specific antigen level and the positive rate of transrectal ultrasound guided systematic sextant prostate biopsy. Chin J Surg 2006; 144: 372–5.
5. Schröder FH, Roobol-Bouts M, Vis AN, van der Kwast T, Kranse R. Prostate-specific antigen-based early detection of prostate cancer-validation of screening without rectal examination. Urology 2001; 57: 83–90. | Article | PubMed |
6. Punglia RS, D'Amico AV, Catalona WJ, Roehl KA, Kuntz KM. Effect of verification bias on screening for prostate cancer by measurement of prostate specific antigen. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 335–42. | Article | PubMed | ISI |
7. Schröder FH, van der Maas P, Beemsterboer P, Kruger AB, Hoedemaeker R, Rietbergen J, et al. Evaluation of the digital rectal examination as a screening test for prostate cancer. Rotterdam section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1817–23. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
8. Li X, Tsuji I, Kuwahara M, Zhang H, Wang H, Zhang L, et al. Mass screening of prostate cancer in Changchun City of China. Int Urol Nephrol 2004; 36: 541–8. | Article | PubMed |
9. Li X, Zhang L, Li J, Li Y, Wang H, Ji G, et al. Measurement of serum zinc improves prostate cancer detection efficiency in patients with PSA levels between 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL. Asian J Androl 2005; 7: 323–8. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
10. Wang HL, Zhang HF, Xu N, Zhang L, Ji G, Li X, et al. The comparative study between general investigation results and clinical pathology for prostate cancer in two cities of China and Japan. Chin J Gerontol 2005; 25: 144–6.
11. Montie JE. Staging of prostate cancer: Current TNM classification and future prospects for prognostic factors. Cancer 1995; 75: 1814–8. | Article |
12. Gleason DF. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: a perspective. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 273–9. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
13. Hirayama T. Epidemiology of prostate cancer with special reference to the role of diet. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1979; 53: 149–55. | PubMed |
14. Lee MM, Wang RT, Hsing AW, Gu FL, Wang T, Spitz M. Case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in China. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 545–52. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
15. Honda GD, Bernstein L, Ross RK, Greenland S, Gerkins V, Henderson BE. Vasectomy, cigarette smoking, and age at first sexual intercourse as risk factors for prostate cancer in middle-aged men. Br J Cancer 1988; 57: 326–31. | PubMed | ChemPort |
16. Ewings P, Bowie C. A case-control study of cancer of the prostate in Somerset and east Devon. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 661–6. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
17. Andersson SO, Baron J, Bergström R, Lindgren C, Wolk A, Adami HO. Lifestyle factors and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer E pidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5: 509–13. | ChemPort |
18. Key T. Risk factors for prostate cancer. Cancer Surv 1995; 23: 63–77. | PubMed | ChemPort |
19. Gronberg H, Damber JE. Total food consumption and body mass index in relation to prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Sweden with prospectively collected exposure data. J Urol 1996; 155: 969–74. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
20. Talamini R, La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Negri E, Franceschi S. Nutrition, social factors and prostatic cancer in a northern Italian population. Br J Cancer 1986: 53: 817–21. | PubMed | ChemPort |
21. Nomura AM. Body size and prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 2001; 23: 127–31.
22. Graham S, Haughey B, Marshall J, Priore R, Byers T, Rzepka T, et al. Diet in the epidemiology of carcinoma of the prostate gland. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 70: 687–92. | PubMed | ChemPort |
23. Ross RK, Shimizu H, Paganini-Hill A, Honda G, Henderson BE, et al. Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in Southern California. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78: 869–74. | PubMed | ChemPort |
24. Bravo MP, Castellanos E, del Rey Calero J. Dietary factors and prostatic cancer. Urol Int 1991; 46: 163–6. | PubMed | ChemPort |
25. Walker AR, Walker BF, Tsotetsi NG, Sebitso C, Siwedi D, Walker AJ, et al. Cause-control study of prostate cancer in black patients in Soweto, South Africa. Br J Cancer 1992; 65: 438–41. | PubMed | ChemPort |
26. Talamini R, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Serraino D, Barra S, Negri E. Diet and prostatic cancer: a case-control study in northern Italy. Nutr Cancer 1992; 18: 277–86. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
27. Veierod MB, Laake P, Thelle DS. Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 25,708 Norwegian men. Int J Cancer 1997; 73: 634–8. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
28. Mettlin C, Selenskas S, Natarajan N, Huben R. Beta-carotene and animal fats and their relationship to prostate cancer risk: a case-control study. Cancer 1989; 64: 605–12. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
29. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Franceschi S, Boyle P. Dairy products and the risk of prostatic cancer. Oncology 1991; 48: 406–10. | PubMed | ChemPort |
30. De Stefani E, Fierro L, Barrios E, Ronco A. Tobacoo, alcohol, diet and risk of prostate cancer. Tumori 1995; 1: 315–20.
31. Jain MG, Hislop GT, Howe GR, Ghadirian P. Plant foods, antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk: findings from case-control studies in Canada. Nutr Cancer 1999; 34: 173–84. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
32. Snowdon DA, Phillips RL, Choi W. Diet, obesity, and risk of fatal prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 244–50. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
33. Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR, Myers BC, Hirohata T. Animal fat consumption and prostate cancer: a prospective study in Hawaii. Epidemiology 1994; 5: 276–82. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
34. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Chute CC, et al. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1571–9. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
35. Schuurman AG, van den Brandt PA, Dorant E, Goldbohm RA. Animal products, calcium, and protein and prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 1107–13. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
36. Hayes RB, Ziegler RG, Gridley G, Swanson C, Greenberg RS, Swanson GM, et al. Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 25–34. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
37. Rao AV, Fleshner N, Agarwal S. Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33: 159–64. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
38. Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Willett W, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH, et al. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1225–30. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
39. Lu QY, Hung JC, Heber D, Go VL, Reuter VE, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 749–56. | PubMed | ChemPort |
40. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men. Cancer 1989; 64: 598–604. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
41. Naco G, Petersen F, Fraser G, Ruckle H. The effect of nutritional and clinical factors upon serum prostate specific antigen and prostate cancer in a population of elderly California men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 623S–625S. | PubMed |
42. Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS, Wu AH, Gallagher RP, Wilkens LR, et al. Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 795–804. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
43. Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Kreiger N, Mao Y. Risk factors for prostate cancer: results from the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System. The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 355–67. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
44. Jacobsen BK, Knutsen SF, Fraser GE. Does high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 553–7. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
45. Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN. A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Research 1989; 49: 1857–60. | PubMed | ChemPort |
46. Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL. Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 61–8. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
47. Lee MM, Wang RT, Hsing AW, Gu FL, Wang T, Spitz M. Case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in China. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 541–3. | Article | PubMed |
48. Denis L, Morton MS, Griffiths K. Diet and its preventive role in prostatic disease. Eur Urol 1999; 35: 377–87. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
49. Adlercreutz H, Markkanen H, Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 1993; 342: 1209–10. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |

MORE ARTICLES LIKE THIS

These links to content published by NPG are automatically generated.