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| Open AccessSubstrate-induced condensation activates plant TIR domain proteins
Binding of the substrates NAD+ and ATP to the plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins induces phase separation and, thereby, activation of TIR enzymatic and immune signalling activity.
- Wen Song
- , Li Liu
- & Jijie Chai
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Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis orchestrate plant growth and immunity
A study of calcium homeostasis in the plant Arabidopsis reveals two signalling pathways it uses to balance the objectives of growth and immunity by regulating the level of Ca2+ in the cytosol.
- Chao Wang
- , Ren-Jie Tang
- & Sheng Luan
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Article |
Spatial IMA1 regulation restricts root iron acquisition on MAMP perception
Microorganism-associated molecular patterns such as flagellin lead to suppression of root iron acquisition through localized degradation of the systemic iron-deficiency signalling peptide Iron Man 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Min Cao
- , Matthieu Pierre Platre
- & Wolfgang Busch
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Article
| Open AccessA tripartite rheostat controls self-regulated host plant resistance to insects
Insect salivary protein (BISP) targets OsRLCK185 to suppress defence in susceptible plants, whereas in resistant plants BISP binds BPH14 to activate host plant resistance. To restore cellular homeostasis, the resistance mechanism is fine-tuned by selective autophagy.
- Jianping Guo
- , Huiying Wang
- & Guangcun He
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Article
| Open AccessStigma receptors control intraspecies and interspecies barriers in Brassicaceae
A signalling mechanism ensuring intraspecies and interspecies reproductive barriers in flowering plants is uncovered.
- Jiabao Huang
- , Lin Yang
- & Qiaohong Duan
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Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors in plants
Adenylate cyclase activity in TIR1/AFB, the canonical auxin receptor, has an essential role in auxin-mediated root growth inhibition in land plants.
- Linlin Qi
- , Mateusz Kwiatkowski
- & Jiří Friml
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Article
| Open AccessA wheat resistosome defines common principles of immune receptor channels
Evolutionary conservation of plant receptor structure allowed for generation of new variants of wheat and barley nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that recognize AvrSr35 of the wheat stem rust pathogen, supporting proof of principle for structure-based engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
- Alexander Förderer
- , Ertong Li
- & Jijie Chai
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Article |
Glucose-driven TOR–FIE–PRC2 signalling controls plant development
Glucose signalling via TOR controls growth and differentiation through regulation of genome-wide histone methylation via FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE).
- Ruiqiang Ye
- , Meiyue Wang
- & Jen Sheen
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ABP1–TMK auxin perception for global phosphorylation and auxin canalization
Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is an auxin receptor that, in complex with transmembrane kinase 1 (TMK1), has a key role in the auxin-induced global phosphorylation of proteins and downstream responses such as vascular regeneration.
- Jiří Friml
- , Michelle Gallei
- & Hana Rakusová
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Structures and mechanisms of the Arabidopsis auxin transporter PIN3
Arabidopsis thaliana PIN3 structures reveal the molecular mechanisms of the transport of indole-3-acetic acid and the inhibition of polar auxin transport by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid.
- Nannan Su
- , Aiqin Zhu
- & Jiangtao Guo
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A receptor–channel trio conducts Ca2+ signalling for pollen tube reception
The molecular mechanism by which FERONIA, LORELEI and NORTIA work together to facilitate calcium-mediated synergid–pollen tube communication in flowering plants is presented.
- Qifei Gao
- , Chao Wang
- & Sheng Luan
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Article
| Open AccessAn oxygen-sensing mechanism for angiosperm adaptation to altitude
Plants have adapted to grow at specific altitudes by regulating chlorophyll synthesis in response to ambient oxygen concentration, calibrated by altitude-dependent activity of GROUP VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR.
- Mohamad Abbas
- , Gunjan Sharma
- & Michael J. Holdsworth
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Structural basis of NPR1 in activating plant immunity
Cryo-electron microscopy and crystal structures of Arabidopsis NPR1—a bird-shaped homodimer—and its complex with the transcription factor TGA3 provide an explanation for a direct role of salicylic acid and enhanceosome assembly in regulating NPR1-dependent gene expression.
- Shivesh Kumar
- , Raul Zavaliev
- & Pei Zhou
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Phytocytokine signalling reopens stomata in plant immunity and water loss
A plant endogenous peptide-receptor signaling pathway termed SCREW–NUT is described; it counteracts microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)- and abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure to regulate the reopening of stomata after biotic and abiotic stresses.
- Zunyong Liu
- , Shuguo Hou
- & Libo Shan
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Activation of TIR signalling boosts pattern-triggered immunity
A study reveals that activation of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signalling is an important mechanism for boosting plant defence during pattern-triggered immunity.
- Hainan Tian
- , Zhongshou Wu
- & Yuelin Zhang
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The EDS1–PAD4–ADR1 node mediates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity
The authors provide mechanistic insights into the crosstalk between signalling components of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity and their molecular linkers.
- Rory N. Pruitt
- , Federica Locci
- & Thorsten Nürnberger
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Mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors
In Arabidopsis, two distinct types of immunity—that mediated by cell-surface receptors and that mediated by intracellular receptors—interact with and mutually enhance each other to provide effective defence against pathogens.
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- , Hee-Kyung Ahn
- & Jonathan D. G. Jones
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Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity
Bacteria elicit two distinct immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana, mediated by diverse signalling receptors but working in a synergistic manner.
- Minhang Yuan
- , Zeyu Jiang
- & Xiu-Fang Xin
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The TOR–EIN2 axis mediates nuclear signalling to modulate plant growth
In Arabidopsis, phosphorylation of EIN2 by TOR kinase in the presence of glucose prevents the nuclear localization of EIN2, showing that the glucose–TOR–EIN2 axis regulates the transcriptome independently of ethylene signalling pathways.
- Liwen Fu
- , Yanlin Liu
- & Yan Xiong
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Quinone perception in plants via leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases
Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone signalling occurs in Arabidopsis and in the root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum via increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration mediated by the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase CARD1 in Arabidopsis, or by its homologues in P. japonicum.
- Anuphon Laohavisit
- , Takanori Wakatake
- & Ken Shirasu
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The calcium-permeable channel OSCA1.3 regulates plant stomatal immunity
A study in Arabidopsis thaliana shows that the immune receptor-associated cytosolic kinase BIK1 phosphorylates OSCA1.3 and identifies OSCA1.3 as the pathogen-responsive Ca2+-permeable channel that regulates stomatal closure.
- Kathrin Thor
- , Shushu Jiang
- & Cyril Zipfel
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A prion-like domain in ELF3 functions as a thermosensor in Arabidopsis
The adaptability of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to different temperatures is regulated by the ability of its ELF3 protein to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation, in a manner that is dependent on the protein’s prion-like domain.
- Jae-Hoon Jung
- , Antonio D. Barbosa
- & Philip A. Wigge
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Temperature-dependent growth contributes to long-term cold sensing
The authors find that slow plant growth at low temperatures during winter reduces dilution of the transcription factor NTL8, which allows slow accumulation of NTL8 and thus the gradual increase in transcription of VIN3—a gene involved in memory of cold exposure.
- Yusheng Zhao
- , Rea L. Antoniou-Kourounioti
- & Martin Howard
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Extensive signal integration by the phytohormone protein network
A systems-level map of the Arabidopsis hormone signalling network, comprising more than 2,000 binary protein–protein interactions, reveals hundreds of interpathway contact points, many of which mediate crosstalk between different hormone pathways.
- Melina Altmann
- , Stefan Altmann
- & Pascal Falter-Braun
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Transcriptional regulation of strigolactone signalling in Arabidopsis
Many of the molecular targets of strigolactones—plant hormones involved in development and in interactions with symbiotic and parasitic organisms—are uncovered, revealing how strigolactones function and an intriguing role for self-regulation of a downstream transcription factor.
- Lei Wang
- , Bing Wang
- & Jiayang Li
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Ligand-induced monoubiquitination of BIK1 regulates plant immunity
The detection of microorganism-associated ligands by plant cells activates a signalling cascade in which the kinase BIK1 is monoubiquinated, released from the FLS2–BAK1 complex, and internalized by endocytosis.
- Xiyu Ma
- , Lucas A. N. Claus
- & Libo Shan
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Hydrogen peroxide sensor HPCA1 is an LRR receptor kinase in Arabidopsis
HPCA1, a member of a previously uncharacterized subfamily of leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases, is the hydrogen-peroxide sensor at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis.
- Feihua Wu
- , Yuan Chi
- & Zhen-Ming Pei
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RGF1 controls root meristem size through ROS signalling
RITF1, a newly identified plant transcription factor, links signalling through the peptide hormone RGF1 to the balance of reactive oxygen species and thereby enhances the stability of another transcription factor, PLETHORA2, a master regulator of root stem cells.
- Masashi Yamada
- , Xinwei Han
- & Philip N. Benfey
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Plant cell-surface GIPC sphingolipids sense salt to trigger Ca2+ influx
The sphingolipid GIPC in the plant cell plasma membrane binds to sodium and triggers calcium influx, thereby triggering responses to excess salt such as efflux of sodium ions from cells.
- Zhonghao Jiang
- , Xiaoping Zhou
- & Zhen-Ming Pei
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Letter |
Mechanisms of RALF peptide perception by a heterotypic receptor complex
Uncovering a mechanism of peptide perception by the receptor kinase FER and the LLG1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana suggests a role for diverse RALF peptides in regulating multiple growth and reproductive processes in plants.
- Yu Xiao
- , Martin Stegmann
- & Jijie Chai
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Letter |
An apical hypoxic niche sets the pace of shoot meristem activity
Hypoxia in the shoot meristem of Arabidopsis links the regulation of metabolic activity to development by inhibiting proteolysis of a substrate of the N-degron pathway, which controls class-III homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factors.
- Daan A. Weits
- , Alicja B. Kunkowska
- & Francesco Licausi
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Letter |
TMK1-mediated auxin signalling regulates differential growth of the apical hook
In Arabidopsis thaliana, a newly identified auxin signalling pathway that involves TMK1 protein cleavage and IAA32 and IAA34 transcriptional repressors mediates complex developmental outcomes by allowing distinct interpretations of varying concentrations of cellular auxin.
- Min Cao
- , Rong Chen
- & Tongda Xu
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Letter |
High levels of auxin signalling define the stem-cell organizer of the vascular cambium
In the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, cells with xylem identity and high levels of auxin signalling function as organizer cells that direct neighbouring vascular cambial cells to act as stem cells.
- Ondřej Smetana
- , Riikka Mäkilä
- & Ari Pekka Mähönen
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Structural plasticity of D3–D14 ubiquitin ligase in strigolactone signalling
The plant F-box protein D3 has a C-terminal α-helix that switches between two conformational states, allowing the α/β hydrolase D14 to recruit the transcription repressor D53 for strigolactone-dependent degradation.
- Nitzan Shabek
- , Fabrizio Ticchiarelli
- & Ning Zheng
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Letter |
Phosphocode-dependent functional dichotomy of a common co-receptor in plant signalling
The plant receptor kinase co-receptor BAK1 contains phosphosites that are required for immune function but not for brassinosteroid-regulated growth in Arabidopsis thaliana; an additional tyrosine phosphosite may be required for the function of many Arabidopsis receptor kinases.
- Artemis Perraki
- , Thomas A. DeFalco
- & Cyril Zipfel
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Letter |
A small peptide modulates stomatal control via abscisic acid in long-distance signalling
In an Arabidopsis model, the CLE25 peptide acts as a root-to-shoot signalling molecule that modulates abscisic acid expression to close stomata and enhance resistance to dehydration.
- Fuminori Takahashi
- , Takehiro Suzuki
- & Kazuo Shinozaki
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Letter |
An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases
A high-throughput assay is used to analyse 40,000 potential extracellular domain interactions of a large family of plant cell surface receptors (LRR-RKs) and provide a cell surface interaction network for these receptors.
- Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- , G. Adam Mott
- & Youssef Belkhadir
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Letter |
Global translational reprogramming is a fundamental layer of immune regulation in plants
Global translatome analysis shows that plants also modify their translational output—independently of the changes in transcriptional output—to establish pattern-triggered immunity.
- Guoyong Xu
- , George H. Greene
- & Xinnian Dong
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Article |
Discovery of nitrate–CPK–NLP signalling in central nutrient–growth networks
In response to nitrate, Ca2+-sensor protein kinases (CPKs) act as master regulators to coordinate downstream signalling responses that are essential for shoot growth and root establishment in Arabidopsis.
- Kun-hsiang Liu
- , Yajie Niu
- & Jen Sheen
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Letter |
Chemical intervention in plant sugar signalling increases yield and resilience
Treatment with signalling precursors of trehalose-6-phosphate allows light-triggered release of trehalose-6-phosphate in Arabidopsis thaliana and increases the yield and drought resistance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum).
- Cara A. Griffiths
- , Ram Sagar
- & Benjamin G. Davis
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Letter |
DWARF14 is a non-canonical hormone receptor for strigolactone
Structural, biochemical, mass spectrometry and genetic analyses define Arabidopsis thaliana AtD14 as a non-canonical hormone receptor for strigolactone, which hydrolyses strigolactone into a covalently linked intermediate molecule and undergoes an open-to-closed state transition for interaction with D3 to trigger strigolactone signalling.
- Ruifeng Yao
- , Zhenhua Ming
- & Daoxin Xie
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Letter |
Tip-localized receptors control pollen tube growth and LURE sensing in Arabidopsis
Pollen-specific receptor-like kinase 6 (PRK6), which signals through the guanine nucleotide-exchange factors ROPGEFs, is required for sensing of the LURE1 attractant peptide in Arabidopsis thaliana, and functions together with other PRK family kinases; when introduced into the pollen tubes of the related species Capsella rubella, PRK6 could confer responsiveness to AtLURE1.
- Hidenori Takeuchi
- & Tetsuya Higashiyama
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Letter |
A receptor heteromer mediates the male perception of female attractants in plants
A male cell-surface receptor-like kinase that responds to the female chemoattractant LURE1 on the pollen tube of Arabidopsis thaliana is identified; LURE1 triggers dimerization of the receptor components and activation of the kinase activity, and the transformation of a component of the A. thaliana receptor to the Capsella rubella species partially breaks down the reproductive isolation barrier.
- Tong Wang
- , Liang Liang
- & Wei-Cai Yang
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Letter |
Allosteric receptor activation by the plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine
Insights derived from the crystal structures of the extracellular domain of PSKR, the receptor for the plant hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) that affects plant growth and development, reveal that PSK interacts with PSKR and enhances PSKR interaction with its co-receptor SERK allosterically.
- Jizong Wang
- , Hongju Li
- & Jijie Chai
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Letter |
Structural basis of JAZ repression of MYC transcription factors in jasmonate signalling
Structural view of a dynamic molecular switch mechanism that governs repression and activation of the jasmonate plant hormone pathway.
- Feng Zhang
- , Jian Yao
- & Sheng Yang He
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Letter |
Redox rhythm reinforces the circadian clock to gate immune response
The master immune regulator NPR1 of Arabidopsis is a sensor of the plant’s redox state and regulates transcription of core circadian clock genes even in the absence of pathogen challenge.
- Mian Zhou
- , Wei Wang
- & Xinnian Dong
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Article |
Competitive binding of antagonistic peptides fine-tunes stomatal patterning
An investigation of the molecular mechanism of stomatal development and patterning finds an unexpected signalling mechanism: two signalling peptides (STOMAGEN, a positive regulator of stomatal development; and EPF2, a negative regulator of this process) use the same receptor kinase, ERECTA, to fine-tune stomatal development.
- Jin Suk Lee
- , Marketa Hnilova
- & Keiko U. Torii
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Letter |
Pathogen-secreted proteases activate a novel plant immune pathway
In Arabidopsis thaliana, pathogen-secreted proteases trigger a previously unknown defence response involving heterotrimeric G-protein complexes upstream of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
- Zhenyu Cheng
- , Jian-Feng Li
- & Frederick M. Ausubel
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Letter |
NIK1-mediated translation suppression functions as a plant antiviral immunity mechanism
A new mechanism that plants use to combat begomoviruses—one of the most pathogenic groups of plant viruses, causing severe disease in major crops worldwide—is uncovered: plants inhibit the transcription of genes associated with the translational apparatus, thus causing a general reduction in protein synthesis.
- Cristiane Zorzatto
- , João Paulo B. Machado
- & Elizabeth P. B. Fontes