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| Open AccessOrganization of corticocortical and thalamocortical top-down inputs in the primary visual cortex
The organization of top-down inputs in primary visual cortex (V1) remains unclear. Here the authors characterized corticocortical and thalamocortical top-down inputs recruiting V1 neurons with cell-type and layer-specificities, and revealed distinct forms of top-down input processing.
- Yanmei Liu
- , Jiahe Zhang
- & Guofen Ma
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Article
| Open AccessPrimate retina trades single-photon detection for high-fidelity contrast encoding
The neural mechanisms setting the lower limit of conscious visual perception in humans is not fully understood. Here the authors show by correlating human vision experiments and non-human primate retina recordings that primates rely on the retinal ON pathway in perception of the dimmest light increments, and that nonlinear thresholding in this pathway eliminates single photons and neural noise thereby allowing perception of minute differences in light intensity.
- Markku Kilpeläinen
- , Johan Westö
- & Petri Ala-Laurila
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Article
| Open AccessNoninvasive imaging-guided ultrasonic neurostimulation with arbitrary 2D patterns and its application for high-quality vision restoration
Researchers have developed a noninvasive retina prosthesis based on ultrasound for treating blindness. This device uses ultrasound waves to stimulate the retina, creating artificial vision confirmed through behavior tests, offering a safer alternative to invasive treatments.
- Gengxi Lu
- , Chen Gong
- & Qifa Zhou
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Article
| Open AccessApo and Aβ46-bound γ-secretase structures provide insights into amyloid-β processing by the APH-1B isoform
Incomplete proteolysis of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides by γ-secretases is linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Using cryo-EM and functional analyses, this study uncovers the γ-secretase – Aβ46 structure and unveils key interactions for efficient Aβ cleavage.
- Ivica Odorčić
- , Mohamed Belal Hamed
- & Rouslan G. Efremov
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Article
| Open AccessPixel-wise programmability enables dynamic high-SNR cameras for high-speed microscopy
The researchers present an image sensor that allows every pixel to have independent exposure. It can sample a cell ROI’s fast fluorescence activity with long exposures at different phases, enhancing SNR and temporal resolution for capturing high-speed events.
- Jie Zhang
- , Jonathan Newman
- & Matthew Wilson
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Article
| Open AccessSynergizing habits and goals with variational Bayes
Intelligent agents can perform two types of behavior, habitual and goal-directed. The authors propose a deep learning framework using a variational Bayes approach, which computationally explains many aspects of the interaction between the two types of behaviors in sensorimotor tasks.
- Dongqi Han
- , Kenji Doya
- & Jun Tani
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Article
| Open AccessLipidome atlas of the adult human brain
While our brain is primarily composed of lipids, their functions have largely remained unexplored. Here, authors show that specific lipids can be linked to the structural organization and functional hierarchy of the human and macaque brain.
- Maria Osetrova
- , Anna Tkachev
- & Philipp Khaitovich
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Article
| Open AccessNeuronal activation sequences in lateral prefrontal cortex encode visuospatial working memory during virtual navigation
The neural codes underlying working memory are not fully understood. Here the authors recorded neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex of male macaque monkeys, during a working memory task, and identify activation sequences that encode target locations in the task.
- Alexandra Busch
- , Megan Roussy
- & Julio C. Martinez-Trujillo
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Article
| Open AccessLateral parabrachial FoxP2 neurons regulate respiratory responses to hypercapnia
The parabrachial nucleus contains separate populations of neurons that respond to elevated CO2 with EEG arousal and increased breathing. Here we report that the parabrachial respiratory neurons express FoxP2 and are required for respiratory responses to elevated CO2.
- Satvinder Kaur
- , Nicole Lynch
- & Clifford B. Saper
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Article
| Open AccessDuality between predictability and reconstructability in complex systems
Reconstructing the structure of a complex networked system and predicting its time evolution to understand its functions are usually two subjects that are treated separately. The authors propose a theoretical framework based on information theory, that uncovers the relation between reconstructability and predictability in networked systems.
- Charles Murphy
- , Vincent Thibeault
- & Patrick Desrosiers
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Article
| Open AccessHeterogeneity in strategy use during arbitration between experiential and observational learning
People learn by observing others and from personal experience, but which strategy they favor varies. Here, the authors show that while some people dynamically arbitrate and switch to the strategy that is most reliable, others preferentially use one or a fixed mixture of strategies.
- Caroline J. Charpentier
- , Qianying Wu
- & John P. O’Doherty
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Article
| Open AccessHyperactivity of indirect pathway-projecting spiny projection neurons promotes compulsive behavior
Striatal hyperactivity has been linked to compulsive behavior, but cell-type and pathway specific mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show excessive grooming in Sapap3-KO mice is associated with indirect pathway hyperactivity and suppression of hyperactivity normalizes grooming.
- Sean C. Piantadosi
- , Elizabeth E. Manning
- & Susanne E. Ahmari
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Article
| Open AccessThe brain structure, inflammatory, and genetic mechanisms mediate the association between physical frailty and depression
Identifying modifiable risk factors that could prevent depression is important. Here, the authors show increased risks of incident depression in pre-frail and frail individuals and highlight the mediating role of brain structure and inflammation.
- Rongtao Jiang
- , Stephanie Noble
- & Dustin Scheinost
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Article
| Open AccessEnteric nervous system regeneration and functional cure of experimental digestive Chagas disease with trypanocidal chemotherapy
The digestive form of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) involves damage to the nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract and problems with peristalsis. Here, Khan et al show that infection causes damage to the colon that can be reversed if it is successfully treated early in the process.
- Archie A. Khan
- , Harry C. Langston
- & Michael D. Lewis
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Article
| Open AccessA modular framework for multi-scale tissue imaging and neuronal segmentation
Tools to segment cellular and sub-cellular neuronal structures can be hindered by high neuronal density and low signal-to-noise in thick samples. Here, the authors present SENPAI, a framework for imaging and segmenting neurons from conventional and super-resolution microscopy of clarified brain tissues.
- Simone Cauzzo
- , Ester Bruno
- & Nicola Vanello
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Article
| Open AccessLocalized and global representation of prior value, sensory evidence, and choice in male mouse cerebral cortex
The extent to which brains employ Bayesian principles remains unclear. Here, the authors provide evidence suggesting that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex represent the modulation of reward expectation (i.e., prior values) with incoming sensory inputs to compute confidence values.
- Kotaro Ishizu
- , Shosuke Nishimoto
- & Akihiro Funamizu
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Article
| Open AccessHippocampal sharp-wave ripples correlate with periods of naturally occurring self-generated thoughts in humans
Whether and how sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) accompany mental states that are less closely linked to events in the immediate environment are not fully understood. Here authors recorded SWRs from hippocampus of 10 epilepsy patients for up to 15 days with experience sampling. SWR rates showed circadian fluctuation and were associated with self-generated thoughts such as mind wandering.
- Takamitsu Iwata
- , Takufumi Yanagisawa
- & Haruhiko Kishima
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| Open AccessNeuroprotective gap-junction-mediated bystander transformations in the adult zebrafish spinal cord after injury
The mechanisms underlying the zebrafish spinal cord’s impressive innate ability to regenerate after traumatic insults remain largely unknown. Here, the authors show that spinal neurons enact an essential neuron-to-neuron neuroprotective strategy to safeguard cell survival and support the zebrafish’s regeneration process.
- Andrea Pedroni
- , Yu-Wen E. Dai
- & Konstantinos Ampatzis
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Article
| Open AccessAstrocytic ALKBH5 in stress response contributes to depressive-like behaviors in mice
The regulatory mechanism and function of astrocytic epigenetic effects on depression remain to be explored. Here, the authors show astrocytic ALKBH5 contributes to depressive-like behaviors via the m6A RNA methylation of GLT-1.
- Fang Guo
- , Jun Fan
- & Xiong Cao
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Article
| Open AccessVentral tegmental area dopamine projections to the hippocampus trigger long-term potentiation and contextual learning
How the hippocampus selects relevant events that are worth remembering is debated. Here, authors show midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to the hippocampus provide a teaching signal triggering NeoHebbian LTP and contextual learning.
- Fares J. P. Sayegh
- , Lionel Mouledous
- & Lionel Dahan
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Article
| Open AccessSpatiotemporal brain hierarchies of auditory memory recognition and predictive coding
The brain networks orchestrating conscious recognition of auditory sequences are not well understood. Here, the authors reveal hierarchical processing from auditory cortices to hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, enhancing our understanding of predictive coding in memory.
- L. Bonetti
- , G. Fernández-Rubio
- & M. L. Kringelbach
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Article
| Open AccessSelf-organization of modular activity in immature cortical networks
How the cortex forms spatially structured modules during development is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that activity in early developing cortex is self-organized though local-excitation and lateral inhibition.
- Haleigh N. Mulholland
- , Matthias Kaschube
- & Gordon B. Smith
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Article
| Open AccessGraded decisions in the human brain
Whether decisions are made in a graded or all-or-none fashion remains unclear. Here, the authors provide evidence to suggest that decisions conclude in a graded, rather than a binary, manner, thus providing an analog framework for flexible choice behavior.
- Tao Xie
- , Markus Adamek
- & Jan Kubanek
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Article
| Open AccessInformation-based TMS to mid-lateral prefrontal cortex disrupts action goals during emotional processing
The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is thought to maintain goal-relevant representations that promote cognitive control, but causal evidence has been limited. By targeting action-goal representations in LPFC with transcranial magnetic stimulation and fMRI, the authors found that LPFC promotes goal oriented behaviour during emotional processing. Reviewer recognition:
- R. C. Lapate
- , M. K. Heckner
- & M. D’Esposito
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Article
| Open AccessSex-specific developmental gene expression atlas unveils dimorphic gene networks in C. elegans
Genetic sex introduces variation in phenotypic traits in sexually reproducing organisms. Here, the authors report a developmental gene expression atlas for C. elegans males and hermaphrodites, highlighting the key role of the insulin-like peptide INS-39 in male development and suggesting genetic underpinnings of sexual dimorphism.
- Rizwanul Haque
- , Sonu Peedikayil Kurien
- & Meital Oren-Suissa
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Article
| Open AccessHeuristics in risky decision-making relate to preferential representation of information
Individuals differ in how they weight probability and reward information when making risky choices. Here, the authors use magnetoencephalography to test whether such variation is related to how information is neurally represented during choice evaluation.
- Evan M. Russek
- , Rani Moran
- & Quentin J. M. Huys
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Article
| Open AccessInflammatory and neurodegenerative serum protein biomarkers increase sensitivity to detect clinical and radiographic disease activity in multiple sclerosis
Inflammatory and degenerative processes are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Here, the authors identified twenty serum proteins associated with increased clinical and radiographic disease activity.
- Tanuja Chitnis
- , Ferhan Qureshi
- & Sergio E. Baranzini
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Article
| Open AccessVentral pallidum GABA and glutamate neurons drive approach and avoidance through distinct modulation of VTA cell types
Ventral pallidum GABA and glutamate neuron activation drives approach and avoidance, respectively. Here, the authors show that both ventral pallidum cell types are activated during approach to reward and by aversive stimuli, but elicit opponent effects on VTA cell-type activity.
- Lauren Faget
- , Lucie Oriol
- & Thomas S. Hnasko
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Article
| Open AccessCerebral microstructural alterations in Post-COVID-condition are related to cognitive impairment, olfactory dysfunction and fatigue
After contracting COVID-19, a substantial number of individuals develop a Post-COVID-Condition with neurological symptoms. Here, the authors show symptom-specific brain microstructure alterations in these patients, providing insights into the underlying pathophysiology.
- Jonas A. Hosp
- , Marco Reisert
- & Alexander Rau
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Article
| Open AccessPhotoacoustic Tomography with Temporal Encoding Reconstruction (PATTERN) for cross-modal individual analysis of the whole brain
Here, the authors introduce Photoacoustic Tomography with Temporal Encoding Reconstruction (PATTERN) - a high-speed, non-destructive photoacoustic brain imaging technique that constructs 3D fluorescent maps of the brain and improves upon some of the limitations associated with traditional whole-brain optical imaging techniques.
- Yuwen Chen
- , Haoyu Yang
- & Bo Lei
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Article
| Open AccessCingulate microstimulation induces negative decision-making via reduced top-down influence on primate fronto-cingulo-striatal network
The neuronal mechanism of how the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down influence on the cingulo-striatal network during decision-making in depressive states is not fully understood. Here authors showed that negative bias in decision-making can be artificially induced via stimulating such neural network and they observed diminished top-down influences correlating with the depressive state.
- Satoko Amemori
- , Ann M. Graybiel
- & Ken-ichi Amemori
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Article
| Open AccessMapping recurrent mosaic copy number variation in human neurons
Single cell genome sequencing approaches have identified somatic copy number variants (CNVs) in human neurons, but small sample sizes (<100 neurons) have limited the power to find recurrent patterns such as CNV hotspots in a single individual. Here, the authors develop an approach to map CNVs in 2097 neurons from a neurotypical individual, finding that >10% neurons contain at least one somatic CNV, and enabling deeper investigation of these events.
- Chen Sun
- , Kunal Kathuria
- & Michael J. McConnell
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Article
| Open AccessComputational reconstruction of mental representations using human behavior
Revealing how the human mind represents information is a longstanding goal of cognitive science. Here, the authors develop a method to reconstruct the mental representations of multiple visual concepts using behavioral judgments.
- Laurent Caplette
- & Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
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Article
| Open AccessTDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS is triggered by loss of ASRGL1 and associated with HML-2 expression
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathy in the brain. Here, the authors find TDP-43 aggregation might be mediated by the loss of Asparaginase-like 1, an enzyme that degrades detrimental isoaspartates and is downregulated by the endogenous retrovirus HML-2.
- Marta Garcia-Montojo
- , Saeed Fathi
- & Avindra Nath
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Article
| Open AccessMagnetic voluntary head-fixation in transgenic rats enables lifespan imaging of hippocampal neurons
Head-fixation system is widely used in neuroscience research but has limitations in application due to restraint. Here the authors developed a magnetic voluntary head-fixation system that allows stable rat hippocampal imaging during complex behaviors.
- P. Dylan Rich
- , Stephan Yves Thiberge
- & David W. Tank
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Article
| Open AccessOptogenetic activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons induces brain-wide activation
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is a major source of serotonergic projections to brain-wide targets. Here the authors use optogenetics and fMRI to investigate brain-wide responses to activation of the DRN serotonergic pathway.
- Hiro Taiyo Hamada
- , Yoshifumi Abe
- & Kenji Doya
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Article
| Open AccessDifferential SNARE chaperoning by Munc13-1 and Munc18-1 dictates fusion pore fate at the release site
How heterogeneously distributed SNARE complexes synchronize fusion pore assemblies during vesicular secretion is unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate a role for SNARE chaperones in coordinating differential release of chemical messengers.
- Bhavya R. Bhaskar
- , Laxmi Yadav
- & Debasis Das
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Article
| Open AccessA non-canonical visual cortical-entorhinal pathway contributes to spatial navigation
Neural circuitry conveying visual information to the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), a crucial region for spatial cognition, is not fully understood. Here, the authors report a direct pathway from the secondary visual cortex to MEC layer 5a in mice and its involvement in memory-guided navigation, thus revealing a role of deep MEC in sensory information transmission.
- Qiming Shao
- , Ligu Chen
- & Guangfu Wang
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Article
| Open AccessCell-mediated cytotoxicity within CSF and brain parenchyma in spinal muscular atrophy unaltered by nusinersen treatment
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity observed in untreated SMA patients’ CSF and brain parenchyma. Spatial transcriptomic and multiplex immunohistochemistry linked cytotoxicity near affected motoneurons. Nusinersen treatment showed no impact on this profile.
- I-Na Lu
- , Phyllis Fung-Yi Cheung
- & Gerd Meyer zu Horste
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Article
| Open AccessDe novo motor learning creates structure in neural activity that shapes adaptation
Using recurrent neural networks, here the authors show that learning the same task through different experiences can lead to important differences in how neural activity is structured. These differences can play a crucial role for subsequent adaptation, with networks that are equally good at the initial task showing opposing trends in adaptation.
- Joanna C. Chang
- , Matthew G. Perich
- & Claudia Clopath
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Article
| Open AccessPrimacy of vision shapes behavioral strategies and neural substrates of spatial navigation in marmoset hippocampus
How diurnal primates develop exploration-navigation strategy and how the physiology of primate hippocampus is shaped in navigation are not fully understood. Here authors show that marmosets adapted their navigation strategies to their diurnal ecological niche. Notably, marmoset hippocampal neurons are specialized for encoding combinations of view, head direction and place, and that theta oscillations are triggered by rapid head-gaze movements.
- Diego B. Piza
- , Benjamin W. Corrigan
- & Julio Martinez-Trujillo
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Article
| Open AccessChildren exhibit superior memory for attended but outdated information compared to adults
Children typically exhibit weaker memory than adults. Here, the authors report a developmental reversal-like phenomenon that children show better memory for attended but outdated information, suggesting underdeveloped memory selection in children.
- Yingtao Fu
- , Tingyu Guo
- & Hui Chen
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Article
| Open AccessThree-dimensional liquid metal-based neuro-interfaces for human hippocampal organoids
Providing a suitable multi-electrode array (MEA) for free-floating neural organoids is a great challenge. Here, authors present a mesh soft stretchable MEA for recording neural signals in human hippocampal organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.
- Yan Wu
- , Jinhao Cheng
- & Xingyu Jiang
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Article
| Open AccessNonuniform and pathway-specific laminar processing of spatial frequencies in the primary visual cortex of primates
The uniformity of laminar processing in a cortex remains not fully understood. Here authors show that high spatial frequency stimuli elicit distinct active patterns across V1 layers, arising from multiple mechanisms involving M and P pathways.
- Tian Wang
- , Weifeng Dai
- & Dajun Xing
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Article
| Open AccessThe basal forebrain to lateral habenula circuitry mediates social behavioral maladaptation
Maladaptive fear is linked to many neuropsychiatric disorders, while its neural basis is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that the hyperactivity of the basal forebrain to lateral habenula glutamatergic circuit is crucial for social fear behavior.
- Jun Wang
- , Qian Yang
- & Han Xu
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Article
| Open AccessEffects of SPI1-mediated transcriptome remodeling on Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes in mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis
Although SPI1 gene was identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, its role in the disease remains unclear. Here, the authors show that decreasing SPI1 level exacerbates disease symptoms, whereas increasing its level ameliorates phenotypes.
- Byungwook Kim
- , Luke Child Dabin
- & Jungsu Kim
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Article
| Open AccessCerebellar Purkinje cells in male macaques combine sensory and motor information to predict the sensory consequences of active self-motion
Neural basis of the sensory suppression signal required to cancel peripheral vestibular input is not fully understood. Here authors show that cerebellar Purkinje cells combine sensory and motor information to predict the sensory consequences of active self-motion, thereby establishing how vestibular reafference is distinguished to cancel self-generated sensory input.
- Omid A. Zobeiri
- & Kathleen E. Cullen
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Article
| Open AccessConsensus-building conversation leads to neural alignment
Conversation is a primary means of social influence, but its effects on the brain aren’t well-understood. Here, the authors find evidence that people who are central in their social networks facilitate consensus-building conversations that align future brain activity.
- Beau Sievers
- , Christopher Welker
- & Thalia Wheatley
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Article
| Open AccessSex affects transcriptional associations with schizophrenia across the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and caudate nucleus
Schizophrenia research has traditionally overlooked sex differences. Here, the authors show the importance of sex-based analysis across multi-brain regions by identifying sex-specific genes and genetic interactions in schizophrenia and sex-specific risk.
- Kynon J. M. Benjamin
- , Ria Arora
- & Jennifer A. Erwin
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